Renal and Urology Flashcards
Recall 3 pre-renal causes of AKI
Hypovolaemia
Renal hypoperfusion
Heart failure
How does hypovolaemia cause AKI?
Decreased renal BP causes reduced GFR
Give 2 intrinsic renal causes of AKI
Glomerulonephritis
Interstitial nephritis
Other than thrombi and emboli, what might cause vessel obstruction leading to AKI?
Haemolytic microangiopathy (HUS or TTP)
Which type of cancer is most strongly associated with AKI and with what investigation might it be detected/ excluded?
Myeloma
Microscopy: looking for Bence-Jones protein
What ECG sign shows hyperkalaemia?
Tented T waves
What is the first line of management for hyperkalaemia?
10mls of calcium gluconate 10%
Recall 3 common complications of AKI
Hyperkalaemia
Metabolic acidosis
Pulmonary oedema
Recall the 4 principles of management for AKI
- Protect against hyperkalaemia
- Optomise fluid balance
- Stop any nephrotoxic drugs
- Consider for dialysis
Which part of the prostate is hypertrophic in BPH?
Periurethral (transitional) zone
What would be the main DRE finding in BPH?
Palpable midline groove
What is the option for medical management of BPH and why?
Alpha blockers - relax SMCs
What is the eGFR diagnostic of CKD?
<60
What is the eGFR diagnostic of established renal failure?
<15
Give 2 skin signs of CKD
Pigmentation
Excoriation
Recall 3 non-skin signs of CKD
Anaemia
Leuconychia
Kussmaul breathing due to acidosis
Are CKD patients acidotic or alkalotic?
Acidotic
What sort of diet should be fed to CKD patients?
High energy, low potassium
Recall 2 autoimmune conditions that can cause CKD
SLE
Goodpasture’s
With what comorbidity does orchitis always present?
Epidydimitis