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02. Cardiopulm Renal > Renal and Male GU pp1 > Flashcards

Renal and Male GU pp1 Flashcards

1
Q

Azotemia

A

biochemical manifestation of acute or chronic kidney injury; characterized by elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) or by an elevated serum creatinine; reflects a reduction in GFR

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2
Q

nephrotic syndrome

A

glomerular disease characterized by

1) severe proteinuria (more than 3.5g/day)
2) severe edema (periorbital)
3) hyperlipidemia
4) hypoalbuminemia

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3
Q

nephritic syndrome

A

glomerular disease characterized

1) grossly visible hematuria
2) azotemia with oliguria
3) HTN
4) sub-nephrotic proteinuria

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4
Q

most common/second most common cause of CRF/ESRD

A

1) Diabetes

2) HTN

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5
Q

prerenal azotemia

A

due to hypoperfusion of the kidneys

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6
Q

postrenal azotemia

A

seen when urine outflow is obstructed distal to the kidney, removal of obstruction corrects the azotemia

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7
Q

uremia

A

when azotemia becomes associated with a constellation of clinical signs and symptoms and biochemical abnormalities

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8
Q

rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

A

characterized as a nephritic syndrome with a rapid decline in GFR (days to weeks). Implies severe glomerular injury

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9
Q

how does nephrotic syndrome cause edema?

A

decreased plasma oncotic pressure

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10
Q

How does DM contribute to glomerular pathologies?

A

persistent hyperglycemia causes glucotoxicity

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11
Q

normal GFR

A

90-120 ml/min

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12
Q

who has lower GFR?

A

older people; GFR decreases with age

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13
Q

acute kidney injury

A

1) rapid decline in GFR
2) more severe: oliguria or anuria
3) may be from glomerular, interstitial, vascular or acute tubular injury
4) reversible or can progress to CKD

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14
Q

How is mild chronic kidney disease seen clinically?

A

it can be clinically silent

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15
Q

How is severe chronic kidney disease seen clinically?

A

uremia

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16
Q

Definition chronic kidney disease

A

1) diminished GFR <60 ml/min/1.73m2 for at least 3 months

2) persistent albuminuria

17
Q

Prognosis CKD

A

generally irreversible (requires dialysis)

18
Q

end stage renal disease

A
  • GFR <5% of normal

- end stage of uremia

19
Q

fluid and electrolyte manifestations of uremia

A

dehydration
edema
hyperkalemia
metabolic acidosis

20
Q

calcium phosphate and bone manifestations of uremia

A

hyperphosphatemia
hypocalcemia
secondary hyperparathyroidism
renal osteodystrophy

21
Q

hematologic manifestations of uremia

A

anemia

bleeding diathesis

22
Q

cardiopulmonary manifestations of uremia

A 
HTN
CHF
cardiomyopathy
pulmonary edema
uremic pericarditis
23
Q

gastrointestinal manifestations of uremia

A

nausea and vomiting
bleeding
esophagitis, gastritis, colitis

24
Q

neuromuscular manifestations of uremia

A

myopathy
peripheral neuropathy
encephalopathy

25
Q

dermatologic manifestations of uremia

A

sallow color
pruritus
dermatitis

26
Q

glomerulus definition

A

vascular epithelial organ designed for the ultrafiltration of plasma

27
Q

what does the macula densa produce

A

renin

erythropoetin

28
Q

What happens with injury to podocytes?

A

proteinuria

29
Q

Chronic glomerular responses to injury

A

1) basement membrane thickening
2) hyalinosis
3) sclerosis

30
Q

What is seen with acute, severe glomerular injury?

A

crescents

31
Q

diffuse glomerular disease

A

involves all glomeruli in kidney

32
Q

focal glomerular disease

A

involves only a subset of glomeruli in kidney

33
Q

segmental glomerular disease

A

of affected glomeruli, only portions are involved

34
Q

global glomerular disease

A

involves the entire glomerulur

35
Q

crescentic glomerulonephritis

A
  • histo finding associated with RPGN
  • collapsed, compacted glomerular tuft
  • due to proliferating visceral and parietal epithelial cells
  • infiltration of macrophages and leukocytes
36
Q

HLA subtype associated with RPGN

A

HLA-DRB1

37
Q

most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children

A

primary kidney disease

38
Q

Is a primary or secondary nephrotic syndrome more common in adults?

A

secondary

39
Q

chronic glomerulonephritis

A

end stage glomerular disease fed by several streams of antecedent glomerulonephritis; a percentage of cases are idiopathic

02. Cardiopulm Renal (5 decks)

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