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Aubf Lec > RENAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > Flashcards

RENAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

● a body fluid that flushes out waste products from the body
● It is formed in our urinary system as blood is filtered by the kidney in order to remove unneeded products of metabolism that are somehow considered deleterious to one’s health.

A

Urine

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2
Q

4 organs involved in the mechanism of urine formation

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra

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3
Q

Organs that are involved in the mechanism of urine formation must be:

A

Sterile
Lined by special cells

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4
Q

The only organ that don’t contain urothelial cells

A

Kidneys

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5
Q

is a bean shaped paired organ, where the urine is formed, located at the posterior wall of the abdomen.

A

Kidneys

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6
Q

Each kidney is composed of approximately ________ of nephrons.

A

1-1.5 millions

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7
Q

2 types of nephron

A

a. Cortical Nephrons
b. Juxtamedullary nephrons

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8
Q

Size of kidney

A

● Length = 12.5 cm
● Width = 6cm
● Thickness = 2.5 cm

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9
Q

seen in the cortex alone and is intended for tubular reabsorption and secretion. This type of nephron constitute approximately 85% of the nephron in the kidneys

A

Cortical nephron

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10
Q

have longer henle’s loops that extend deep into the medulla of the kidney. It plays a significant role in the concentration of the urine.

A

Juxtamedullary nephron

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11
Q

In detail, nephrons are known to be composed of two parts:

A

Glomerulus
Loop of Henle

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12
Q

is comprised of highly specialized tuft of capillaries that is intended for the filtration of blood. It consists of a coil of approximately 8 capillary lobes, the walls of which are referred to as glomerular filtration barrier

A

Glomerulus

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13
Q

is specialized for reabsorption and secretion processes. It plays a crucial role in adjusting urine concentration before micturition.

A

Loop of Henle

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14
Q

Connects the kidneys to the bladder - Length = 25cm

A

Ureter

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15
Q

Serves as storage
Stores 150ml of urine
Causes the “micturition reflex”

A

Bladder

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16
Q

medical term for urination

A

Micturation

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17
Q

Size of urethra
Male -
Female -

A

24cm
4cm

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18
Q
  • Urethra becomes swollen or sore
  • Usually seen in female young adults who are sexually active
A

Urethritis

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19
Q

Infection of the urinary bladder

A

Lower urinary tract infection / cystitis

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20
Q

Infection of the kidneys

A

Upper urinary tract infection / pyelonephritis

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21
Q

Renal function

A

Renal blood flow
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion

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22
Q

supplies blood to the kidney

A

Renal artery

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23
Q

carry blood to enter the capillaries of nephron

A

Kidneys

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24
Q

Once blood has entered the nephron, it goes to the __________ where it is filtered.

A

glomerulus

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25
Q

Filtration process through the ___________ separates the filtrate from the filtered blood.

A

glomerular

26
Q

filtered blood is carried by the ____________from the nephron to the blood vessels in the renal tubular area.

A

efferent arteriole

27
Q

surround the proximal and distal convoluted tubule making itself as a site for immediate reabsorption of essential substances from the filtrate (PCT) and final adjustment of urinary composition (DCT).

A

peritubular capillaries

28
Q

is located adjacent to the Loop of Henle in the juxtaglomerular region, serves as a site for major exchanges of water and salts.

A

Vasa recta

29
Q

These blood vessels surround the renal tubular area in order to facilitate immediate reabsorption and secretion processes before blood is carried away from the kidney through the _____________.

A

renal vein

30
Q

Urinary Filtrate Flow

A

Bowman Capsule → Proximal convoluted tubule → Descending loop of Henle → Ascending loop of Henle → Distal convoluted tubule → Collecting duct → Renal calyces → Ureter → Bladder

31
Q

Human kidney receive approximately ________ of blood every pump of heart.

32
Q

where blood enters the kidney

A

Afferent arteriole

33
Q

where blood drains after glomerular filtration

A

Efferent arteriole

34
Q

blood from efferent arteriole enters here

A

Peritubular capillaries and Vasa recta

35
Q

surround the PCT and DCT for reabsorption of important substances

A

Peritubular capillaries

36
Q

it is located adjacent to ascending and descending loops of Henle

A

Vasa recta

37
Q

where major exchanges of water and salt take place between blood and medullary interstitium

A

Descending loop of Henle

38
Q

this maintains osmotic gradient

A

Medullary interstitium

39
Q

Normal renal blood flow

A

approximately 1200 ml/min

40
Q

Normal renal plasma flow

A

ranges from 600 to 700 ml/min

41
Q

Blood is filtered in the kidney in order to remove waste products of metabolism. The filtration process is affected by several factors such as:

A

GLOMERULAR STRUCTURE OF THE GLOMERULUS
GLOMERULAR PRESSURE
RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM

42
Q

The glomerulus is composed of three distinct structural components which include:

A

Capillary endothelial cells
Basement membrane (basal lamina)
Visceral epithelium of the Bowman capsule

43
Q

The ____________ of the capillary wall differ in those other capillaries by containing pores (fenestrated

A

endothelial cells

44
Q

is also another mechanism in preventing untoward permeation of chemical and cellular components along the glomerular wall.

A

GLOMERULAR PRESSURE

45
Q

There is an ____________ that aid in this process by increasing or decreasing the size of the afferent and efferent arterioles.

A

autoregulatory mechanism

46
Q
  • regulates the flow of blood to and within the glomerulus.
    ● The system responds to changes in blood pressure and plasma sodium content that are monitored by the juxtaglomerular apparatus, which consists of the juxtaglomerular cells in the afferent arteriole and the macula densa of the distal convoluted tubule
47
Q

Low plasma sodium content ___________^_ water retention within the circulatory system, resulting in a decreased overall blood volume and subsequent decrease in blood pressure.

48
Q

When the___________ senses such changes, a cascade of reactions within the RAAS occurs

A

macula densa

49
Q

Actions of the RAAS

A
  1. Dilates the afferent arteriole and constrict efferent arteriole
  2. Stimulates sodium reabsorption in the proximal convulated tubule
  3. Triggers the adrenal cortex to release the sodium-retaining hormone aldosterone to cause sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
  4. Triggers hypothalamus to release ADH to stimulate water reabsorption in the collecting duct
50
Q

There are two means on how the reabsorption process occurs.

A

Active transport
Passive transport

51
Q

The substance to be reabsorbed must combine with a carrier protein contained in the membranes of the renal tubular epithelial cells

A

Active transport

52
Q

It is the movement of molecules across a membrane as a result of differences in their concentration or electrical potential on opposite sides of the membrane

A

Passive transport

53
Q

Substances in active transport

A

Glucose
amino acids
salts
chloride
sodium

54
Q

Location of Glucose, amino acids, salts in active transport

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

55
Q

Lication of chloride in active transport

A

Ascending loop of Henle

56
Q

Location of sodium in active transport

57
Q

Subtances un passive transport

A

Waterm urea, sodium

58
Q

Location of water in passive transport

A

PCT
Descending loop of Henle
Collecting duct

59
Q

Location of urea in passive transport

A

PCT
Ascending loop of Henle

60
Q

Location of sodium in passive transport

A

Ascending loop of Henle

61
Q

is important in eliminating waste products not filtered by the glomerulus and in regulation of acid base balance.

A

Tubular secretion

62
Q

is important in eliminating waste products not filtered by the glomerulus and in regulation of acid base balance.

A

Tubular secretion

Aubf Lec (4 decks)

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