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R - Y2 Anatomy (Megan) > Renal Anatomy > Flashcards

Renal Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What vertebral levels do the kidneys sit at?

A

T12 - L3

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2
Q

What vertebral level is the hilum of the kidney at?

A

L1 - the transpyloric plane

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3
Q

where do the kidneys sit?

A

On the posterior abdominal wall, in the pare vertebral gutters.

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4
Q

Which regions does the renal system travel through?

A

The abdominal, pelvic and perineal.

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5
Q

How long is the female urethra?

A

4cm

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6
Q

How long is the male urethra?

A

20cm (4-5x length of the female urethra).

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7
Q

where does the female bladder sit?

A

Below the uterus, anterior to the vagina.

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8
Q

Where does the male bladder sit?

A

Above the prostate gland, anterior to the rectum.

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9
Q

which kidney lies more inferior to the other?

A

The right kidney sits 1-2cm lower than the left, due to the presence of the liver.

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10
Q

What are the layers surrounding the kidney? from superficial to deep?

A

pararenal fat
renal fascia
perirenal fat
fibrous renal capsule

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11
Q

Where is the pararenal fat located?

A

on the posterior side of the kidneys

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12
Q

what does the renal fascia enclose?

A

the kidneys AND suprarenal glands.

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13
Q

what are the retroperitoneal organs?

A

SAD PUCKER
suprarenal glands
abdominal aorta
duodenum (not proximal 1-2cm)

Pancreas (part from tail) 
ureters
colon - ascending and descending 
kidney 
oesophagus 
rectum
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14
Q

what are the 5 areas of contact on the right kidney?

A

adrenal gland, hepatic area, duodenum, hepatic flexure (right colic flexure), small intestine.

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15
Q

What are the 6 areas of contact on the left kidney?

A

adrenal gland, stomach, spleen, pancreas, jejunum, splenic flexure 9left colic flexure).

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16
Q

which 3 muscles (of the back and stomach) do the kidney come into contact with?

A

diaphragm, posts major, quadrates lumborum.

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17
Q

what is the parasympathetic nerve supply of the kidneys?

A

It comes from the vagus nerve

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18
Q

What is the sympathetic nerve supply of the kidneys?

A

it comes from T12-L1 - comes from coeliac ganglia - along the renal arteries.

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19
Q

what is lymphatic drainage of the kidneys?

A

into the para-aortic lymph nodes at the start of the renal arteries - L1

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20
Q

which embryological structure does the kidney develop from?

A

the mesonephros - intermediate plate mesoderm

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21
Q

which embryological structure does the ureter develop from?

A

intermediate plate mesoderm.

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22
Q

what is the name for being born with only 1 kidney?

A

renal agenesis

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23
Q

what’s the name for having only 1 working kidney?

A

kidney dysplasia

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24
Q

what is the name for having two ureters instead of one?

A

duplicated ureter

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25
Q

in horseshoe kidney, where do the kidneys fuse together?

A

Usually at the lower poles.

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26
Q

what level is the coeliac trunk? what does it supply?

A

T12

the foregut - from the mouth to the proximal duodenum

27
Q

what level is the superior mesenteric artery? what does it supply?

A

L1

midgut - distal duodenum to the proximal 2/3rds of transverse colon.

28
Q

What level is the renal arteries?

A

L1-L2

29
Q

What level is the inferior mesenteric artery? what does it supply?

A

L3

hindgut - distal 1/3rd of transverse colon - rectum.

30
Q

which level is the spleen?

A

T9-T11.

31
Q

what is the renal corpuscle?

A

The filtering part of the kidney (the glomerulus and the bowman capsule).

32
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

the nephron - made from the renal corpuscle + proximal convoluted tubule + loop of henle + distal convoluted tubule + collecting duct.

33
Q

What is the outer part of the kidney called? what structures are in there?

A

The cortex - the glomerulus, proximal and distal tubules and the beginning and end of the loop of henle.

34
Q

What are the triangles in the middle of the kidney called?What do they have inside them?

A

the medullary pyramids - the loop of henle along with the collecting ducts.

35
Q

what is the drainage flow of the urine?

A

filtrate enters the collecting ducts - these drain down to the apex of the pyramid (into minor calyces) - 2/3/4 of these minor calyces drain into a major calyx - 2 or 3 of these major calyces drains into the renal pelvis - which eventually becomes the ureter.

36
Q

what type of epithelium is in the tubes of the kidneys?

A

Transitional epithelium - all the way from the minor calyx to the urethra after the bladder. theres also connective tissue and smooth muscle.

37
Q

Histology: what are the 3 cells in the glomerulus?

A

podocytes
capillary cells
mesangial cells

38
Q

what structures are found in the cortex?

A

glomeruli, proximal and distal tubules

39
Q

histology: how can you tell between distal and proximal tubules?

A

proximal tubules are full, distal tubules have an empty lumen

40
Q

what structures are found in the medulla?

A

the loop of henle, collecting ducts, part of the cortex - renal columns.

41
Q

which side is the IVC and abdominal aorta on?

A

IVC is on the right side, abdominal aorta is on the left side.

42
Q

What is posterior and anterior - renal arteries or veins?

A

renal arteries run posterior to the renal veins.

43
Q

is the right or left renal vein longer?

A

right is shorter, left is longer.

44
Q

is the right or left renal artery longer?

A

right is longer, left is shorter.

45
Q

what vein drains into the left renal vein?

A

left gonadal vein

46
Q

What is the muscle called in the bladder?

A

the detrusor muscle

47
Q

which muscle of the back does the ureters run anteriorly too?

A

the psoas major muscle

48
Q

which bifurcation does the ureters run over?

A

runs over the common iliac artery - just as it splits into the external and internal iliac artery.

49
Q

in males - what crosses anteriorly to the ureters?

A

the vas deferens

50
Q

in females - what crosses anteriorly to the ureters?

A

the uterine arteries

51
Q

where in the bladder does the ureters open into?

A

the vesicoureteric opening, posterior and lateral of the bladder wall.

52
Q

where are the three ureteric constriction sites?

A

the ureteropelvic junction (or ureteric orifice), crossing the common iliac artery and entering the bladder (the vesicoureteric junction).

53
Q

which part of the bladder does the urethra exit?

A

the urethral crest

54
Q

which type of tissue makes up the bladder wall?

A

transitional epithelium

55
Q

what is transitional epithelium?

A

this is stratified epithelium which is round in shape when its not distended.

56
Q

which bony joint is directly anterior to the bladder?

A

the pubic symphyses.

57
Q

what is transitional epithelium also called in the ureters and bladder?

A

urothelium

58
Q

what is the benefit of having transitional epithelium

A

it can stretch lots

59
Q

on an x-ray, where do you see the ureters?

A

running in line with the transverse processes

60
Q

what does the transitional epithelium look like when its NOT distended?

A

cuboid/columnar cells

61
Q

what does the transitional epithelium look like when it IS distended?

A

squamous cells (stretched)

62
Q

what is the ureter derived from embryologically?

A

ureteric buds - from the mesonephric duct.

63
Q

what is special about the trigone muscle?

A

the epithelium is a lot more sensitive (detrusor muscle) - that’s the one which is ultimately stretched when you get the urge to pee

64
Q

where does the bladder sit?

A

Just posterior to the pubic symphyses

R - Y2 Anatomy (Megan) (6 decks)

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