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R - Y2 Anatomy (Megan) > Lower limb 1 > Flashcards

Lower limb 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the bones which make up the hip?

A

Ilium
pubis
ischium

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2
Q

what are the prominence of the hip bone?

A 
ASIS - anterior superior iliac spine
Anterior inferior iliac spine
Pubic tubercle 
Pubic symphysis 
acetabulum
ischial spine, ischial tuberosi
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3
Q

How wide is the femoral neck?

A

It is 3/4ths the radius of the femoral head.

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4
Q

What connects the greater and lesser trochanters?

A

Anteriorly - the intertrochanteric line

Posteriorly - the intertrochanteric crest

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5
Q

What type of joint is the pubic symphysis? What is in the middle of it?

A

Secondary cartilaginous joint between the two superior rami of the pubis bone.
in the middle is a thick fibrocartilaginous interpubic disc.

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6
Q

What are the main superficial veins of the lower limb?

A

The long saphenous vein.
The short saphenous vein.
The dorsal venous arch.

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7
Q

Where does the long saphenous vein drain into?

A

The deep femoral vein (in the femoral triangle).

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8
Q

Where does the short saphenous vein drain into?

A

the popliteal vein.

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9
Q

What is the course of the long saphenous vein?

A

IT ascends anteriorly to the medial malleolus of the tibia

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10
Q

What is the course of the short saphenous vein?

A

It ascends posteriorly to the lateral malleolus of the tibia.

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11
Q

What are the 3 groups of lymph nodes in the leg?

A
  • superficial inguinal lymph nodes
  • deep inguinal lymph nodes
  • popliteal lymph nodes
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12
Q

What does the superficial inguinal lymph nodes drain? what does it drain into?

A

penis, scrotum, buttocks, lower abdominal wall (below umbilicus), perineum, lymphatics accompanying the great saphenous vein.
The external iliac lymph nodes.

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13
Q

What does the deep lymph nodes drain? What do they drain into?

A

Glans penis and clitoris.

drains into the external iliac lymph nodes.

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14
Q

What does the popliteal lymph nodes drain? What do they drain into?

A

lymphatics accompanying the small saphenous vein.

They drain into the superficial and deep inguinal lymph nodes.

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15
Q

Which dermatome supplies the big toe?

A

L5

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16
Q

Which dermatome supplies the knee?

A

L3

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17
Q

Which dermatome supplies the little toe?

A

S1

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18
Q

What are the ligaments which hold the femoral head in the acetabulum - the joint capsule?

A

Ilio-Femoral (thickest)
Pubofemoral
Ischiofemoral

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19
Q

What type of joint is the hip?

A

Synovial - ball and socket.

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20
Q

What is the acetabular labrum?

A

A rim of fibrocartilage which adds to the depth of the acetabulum.

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21
Q

Where is the thinnest part of the joint capsule?

A

On the inferior side

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22
Q

Where is the joint capsule attached to?

A

The intertrochanteric line anteriorly.

The neck of the femur posteriorly.

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23
Q

What does the rotation of the hip ligaments mean?

A

relaxed during flexion - allow for rotation of the hip.

Tighten during extension of the hip - prevent rotational movement.

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24
Q

Which hip ligament is anterior?

A

Iliofemoral - prevents hyperextension

Pubofemoral - prevents hyperabduction and hyperextension

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25
Q

Which hip ligament is posterior?

A

Ischiofemoral - prevents hyperextension of the hip.

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26
Q

Which ligaments attach the pelvis to the sacrum and vertebrae?

A 
Iliolumbar ligament.
Sacroiliac ligament (anterior and posterior).
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27
Q

What covers the obturator foramen?

A

The obturator membrane.

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28
Q

Which ligaments creates the greater and lesser sciatic foramen?

A

The sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments.

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29
Q

What muscle is the main flexor of the hip and where does it insert?

A

The iliopsoas muscle - inserts into the lesser trochanter - with a common tendon.

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30
Q

What is the thickest part of the fascial stocking of the thigh called?

A

The iliotibial band.

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31
Q

Which muscle is the main extensor of the hip?

A

The gluteus Maximus

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32
Q

Which muscles are in the medial compartment of the thigh? (adductor muscles)?

A 
Adductor magnus
adductor longus
adductor brevis 
gracilis 
Pectineus
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33
Q

Which nerve innervates the adductor compartment of the thigh?

A

The obturator nerve supplies all (apart from the posterior part of adductor Magnus).
The Pectineus is innervated by the femoral nerve.

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34
Q

What is the line on the femur called (where the adductor Magnus inserts)?

A

Linea aspera.

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35
Q

What is the gap called in adductor Magnus?

A

The adductor hiatus - femoral artery
femoral nerve
saphenous nerve

as they exit the canal they go into the popliteal fossa.

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36
Q

What is special about the gracilis muscle?

A

Its the only adductor muscle which runs past the knee and inserts onto the tibia.

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37
Q

What is the nerve innervation of the adductor Magnus?

A

Anteriorly - obturator nerve,

Posteriorly - sciatic nerve.

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38
Q

Which muscles keep the pelvis level?

A

The gluteus medius and gluteus minimus.

39
Q

Which nerve is harmed in trendelenburgs gait?

A

The superior gluteal nerve.

40
Q

Which muscles abduct the hip?

A

Tensor fascia lata
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus

41
Q

Which nerve are the hip abductors supplied by?

A

The superior gluteal nerve.

42
Q

Which muscles can externally rotate the hip?

A 
Piriformis
Obturator internus
Obturator externus
Superior and inferior gamelli
rectus femoris.
43
Q

Which muscles internally rotate the hip?

A

Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimis
Tensor fascia lata

44
Q

Which nerve supplies the anterior compartment?

A

Femoral nerve

45
Q

Which nerve supplies the medial compartment?

A

The obturator nerve

46
Q

Which nerve supplies the posterior compartment?

A

The sciatic nerve

47
Q

Which muscles are in the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Semitendinosis (superficial)
semimembranosus (deep)
Biceps femoris

48
Q

Which muscles are in the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

the quadriceps femoris:

  • rectus femoris (in the middle)
  • vastus mediallis
  • vascus lateralis
  • vastus intermedius

Sartorius

49
Q

What is the attachments of the sartorial muscles?

A

ASIS and medial tibia

50
Q

What is the function of the sartorial muscle?

A

Lateral rotation and knee flexion

51
Q

What lies under the sartorial muscle?

A

the sub sartorial canal - for the femoral artery, nerve and vein.

52
Q

What does the sciatic nerve innervate?

A

The posterior compartment of the thigh and everything distal to the knee.

53
Q

Where does the common tendon of quadriceps femoris insert?

A

Into the tibial tuberosity.

54
Q

When does rotation of the limb buds occur?

A

In the first trimester.

55
Q

What action does the quadriceps have on the hip and knee?

A

They flex the hip and extend the knee.

56
Q

How does rotation occur embryologically?

A

The leg rotates from lateral 90 degrees medially so that the sole of the foot is made from the anterior part.

57
Q

Which muscles insert to the pes anserinus?

A
  • sartorius
  • gracilis
  • semitendinosus
58
Q

What does the sartorius muscle do?

A

Flexes the hip and laterally rotates it.

Flexes the knee and medially rotates it.

59
Q

What is on the sides of femoral triangle

A 
superior - Inguinal ligament.
medial - adductor longus
lateral - sartorius
on top - tensor fascia
floor - Pectineus, iliopsoas
60
Q

What nerve innervates the iliacus muscle and the psoas muscle?

A

Iliacus - femoral nerve (L2-L4)

PSoas - L1-L3

61
Q

What is the order in the femoral triangle from medial to lateral?

A

Femoral vein
Femoral artery
Femoral nerve

62
Q

What is the femoral canal?

A

The gap medial to the femoral vein - a space for fat and lymphatics and for expansion of the femoral vein - parts of the bowel herniate into this.

63
Q

What is contained within the femoral sheath?

A

The femoral vein and femoral artery - NOT the femoral nerve.

64
Q

What are the 3 compartments of the femoral sheath?

A

median - a space for lymphatics, fat, vein extension, abdominal hernias
middle - femoral vein
lateral - femoral artery

not included - femoral nerve which sits laterally.

65
Q

Which two bony landmarks does the femoral artery run between?

A

The ASIS and pubic tubercle (underneath the inguinal ligament)

66
Q

What is the name for the deep femoral artery?

A

Profunda femoris

67
Q

Which 2 veins drain into the femoral vein?

A

The great saphenous vein

the profunda/deep femoral vein.

68
Q

What is the adductor canal?

A

a tunnel in the middle third of the thigh, from the apex of the femoral triangle into the adductor Magnus opening - it allows the femoral vessels to pass from the anterior thigh to the popliteal fossa.
it transmits the femoral artery, vein and nerve.

69
Q

What are the branches of the lumbar plexus from superior to inferior?

A
  • iliohypogastric - L1
  • ilioinguinal -L1
  • genitofemoral L1-L2
  • lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh - L2-L3
  • femoral -L2-L4
  • obturator L2-L4
70
Q

What is the motor nerve roots supplying the lower limb?

A

L2, L3, L4 (from obturator and femoral)

71
Q

What are the sensory nerve roots supplying the lower limb?

A

L2-L3 (lateral femoral cutaneous)

72
Q

What runs through the greater sciatic foramen?

A

Things going to the leg.

73
Q

What runs through the lesser sciatic foramen?

A

Things running to the perimeun.

74
Q

Which nerve supplies gluteus Maximus?

A

inferior gluteal nerve (L5, S1, S2)

75
Q

Which muscle supplies gluteus medius, gluteus Maximus and tensor fascia lata?

A

Branch of superior gluteal nerve

76
Q

What is the function of the gluteus Maximus?

A

Extension of the hip and lateral rotation of the hip.

77
Q

Which muscles attach to the iliotibial tract?

A

thickening of fascia lata.

  • tensor facia lata
  • gluteus maximus
78
Q

Which muscle does the sacral plexus sit on?

A

The piriformis

79
Q

Which roots make the sacral plexus?

A

L4, L5, S1, S2, S3, S4.

80
Q

What is the mnemonic for sciatic plexus?

A 
SIPPS
Superior gluteal nerve - L4, L5, S1
inferior gluteal nerve - L5, S1, S2
posterior cutaneous to thigh - S1, S2, S3
Pudendal - S2, S3, S4
Sciatic - L4, L5, S1, S2, S3
81
Q

Which vertebrae is mostly likely compressed in sciatica?

A

L5

82
Q

Which muscle stabilises the knee?

A

quadriceps - especially rectus femoris

83
Q

What are the 4 ligaments of the knee?

A

Lateral collateral ligament
medial collateral ligament
anterior cruciate ligament
posterior cruciate ligament

84
Q

Which muscle runs deep to the lateral collateral ligament?

A

Popliteus muscle

85
Q

Which ligament is most commonly injured?

A

Medial collateral ligament - its attached to the medial meniscus of the knee.

86
Q

What is the role of the popliteus muscle?

A

it releases the knee when its fully extended. it does this by rotating the femur laterally on the tibia.

87
Q

What are the knee meniscus made from?

A

Fibrocartilage

88
Q

What is the function of rectus femoris on its own?

A

Hip flexor

89
Q

Which of the hip ligaments are weakest?

A

Ischiofemoral.

90
Q

What is attached to the lesser trochanter?

A

The Iliopsoas tendon.

91
Q

What type of joint is the proximal tibiofibular?

A

Plane synovial joint.

92
Q

What type of joint is the distal tibiofibular joint?

A

Fibrous joint.

93
Q

What is the short head of bicep femoris supplied by?

A

Common fibular branch.

R - Y2 Anatomy (Megan) (6 decks)

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