Renal

Question 1

The fibrous membrane that encloses the kidney is called…

Answer 1

The renal capsule

Question 2

The outer most layer of the kidney beneath the renal capsule which surrounds the medulla/medullary pyramids is called?

Answer 2

The cortex

Question 3

Structure within the kidney that transports urine from the cortical (outer) layer, where urine is produced, to the minor, then major calyces, in which urine collects before it passes through the ureter to the bladder

Answer 3

Medullary Pyramids

Question 4

Ducts that carry urine from the medullary pyramids into the renal pelvis

Answer 4

Major calyxes

Question 5

The correct order of how filtrate (blood) flows through the nephron starting in the glomerulus and ending in the ureter?

Answer 5

Glomerulus, Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), Descending loop of Henle, Ascending loop of Henle, Distal convoluted tubule (DCT), Collecting duct, Renal pelvis, Ureter

Question 6

The 3 main functions of the nephron

Answer 6

Filtration, Reabsorption, Secretion

Question 7

3 secondary functions of the nephron

Answer 7

BP control, red cell production (erythropoietin) and calcium absorption

Question 8

The structure that takes blood flow to the glomerulus for filtration is known as the…

Answer 8

Afferent Arteriole

Question 9

Location and function of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

Answer 9

Lies between the glomerulus and the distal convoluted tubule of the same nephron. Regulates the composition of the filtrate and thus the GFR.

Question 10

A potent vasoconstrictor that stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal gland and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the posterior pituitary gland

Answer 10

Angiotensin II

Question 11

Enzyme that converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II.

Answer 11

ACE

Question 12

Where in the body is ACE found?

Answer 12

Renal endotheliumm, the lungs and capillary endothelium

Question 13

Condition that commonly occurs after an episode of strep throat or, in rare cases, impetigo (a skin infection) that stimulates the immune system to overproduce antibodies, which are circulated in the blood and finally deposited in the glomeruli, causing damage.

Answer 13

Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN)

Question 14

The most common organism to cause UTIs…

Answer 14

E.Coli

Question 15

(7) Risk factors for UTIs

Answer 15

Urinary catheter
Pregnancy
Menopause (reduced oestrogen)
Anatomical abnormalities of the urinary tract
ABX changing the vaginal flora, promoting colonisation
Sexual activity
Incomplete bladder emptying

Question 16

Common presenting symptoms of a UTI (cystitis)

Answer 16

Dysuria (painful urination), increased urinary frequency, cloudy and strong smelling urine, haematuria, lower abdominal discomfort/pelvic pain

Question 17

Symptoms that will make you suspect that a UTI has ascended to the kidneys

Answer 17

Back pain, fever, nausea and vomiting

Question 18

A 25 year old female presents with pain and burning when passing urine. She has noticed that her urine is cloudy and that she needs to go to toilet more frequently. No back pain. Observations normal. Not pregnant. Which antibiotic is the most appropriate? Should you prescribe straight away?

Answer 18

Nitrofurantoin for 3 days. Consider a back up prescription.

Question 19

In an UPPER UTI, what oral antibiotic would be most appropriate if the patient was pregnant and for how long should it be taken?

Answer 19

Cefalexin, 7 days. (Always treat longer for pyelonephritis)

Question 20

Three membrane layers of the glomerulus

Answer 20

(1) Fenestrated Epithelial Layer
(2) Basement Membrane
(3) Podocyte Layer

Question 21

The name of the capillaries that are supplied by the Efferent Arteriole that surrounds the nephron and aid in reabsorption (back into the blood)

Answer 21

Peritubular Capillaries

Question 22

What cells secrete Renin?

Answer 22

Renin is produced and stored in granular juxtaglomerular (JG) cells