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Year 1 > Gastrointestinal (GI) > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal (GI) Flashcards

1
Q

In the ABC criteria for Irritable Bowel Syndrome, what does A, B and C stand for?

A

Abdominal pain or discomfort

Bloating

Change in bowel habit

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2
Q

The most commonly used anti-diarrhoeal medication and its mechanism of action…

A

Loperamide/Imodium

Opioid that does not enter the CNS, works to slow down the GI tract/gut motility for colon to absorb more water and form stool.

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3
Q

In what (4) circumstances is Loperamide contraindicated?

A

Acute severe ulcerative colitis
Fever
Blood in stools
Suspecting C.Diff infection

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4
Q

The two antibiotics used for treating Clostridium difficile (C.Diff)…

A

Metronidazole (oral or IV)

Oral Vancomycin

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5
Q

Bulk forming laxative used for treating constipation…

A

Fybogel/Ispaghula husk

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6
Q

Class of laxative AVOIDED in IBS-C. Why?

A

Osmotic Laxatives, e.g. Lactulose.

Side effects: Flatulence + abdominal bloating which are already symptoms of IBS.

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7
Q

Laxative AVOIDED in opioid-induced constipation. Why?

A

Bulk forming laxative, Fybogel/Ispaghula husk. Prevents peristalsis of the increased bulk, which worsens abdominal pain and can contribute to bowel obstruction

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8
Q

Inflammatory Bowel Disease - Name the two conditions

A

Ulcerative Colitis

Crohn’s Disease

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9
Q

The name of the stool sample test to distinguish between IBD and IBS/other causes? What is it/why do we use it?

A

Faecal Calprotectin.

Elevated faecal calprotectin indicates the migration of neutrophils to the intestinal mucosa, which occurs during intestinal inflammation.

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10
Q

What (9) features (red flags) would make you cautious to diagnose IBS?

A

Anaemia, Fever, Persistent diarrhoea or constipation, Rectal bleeding, symptoms at night, Family history of colon cancer, unexplained weight loss, onset of symptoms over the age of 50.

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11
Q

In Ulcerative Colitis, how is the inflammation characterised?

A

Mucosa and sub-mucosal inflammation only

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12
Q

In Crohn’s Disease, how is the inflammation characterised?

A

Transmural inflammation - affecting the mucosa, sub-mucosa and muscularis externa

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13
Q

First line treatment for inducing remission in mild to moderate ulcerative colitis… What is used if it is contraindicated/not tolerated?

A

Aminosalcylate - Mesalazine. Oral or topical depending on region of the colon that is affected.

Not tolerated - oral or topical steroid (budesonide)

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14
Q

First line treatment for severe/acute ulcerative colitis… What is used if it is contraindicated/not tolerated?

A

IV steroids (hydrocortisone).

Not tolerated - IV cyclosporine (immunosuppressant)

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15
Q

First line treatment to induce remission in Crohn’s Disease… What is used if this is contraindicated/not tolerated?

A

Steroids

Not tolerated - aminosalcylate

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16
Q

In Crohn’s Disease, what medications are used if the patient experiences >2 exacerbations per year or if unable to wean steroids?

A

Methotrexate OR Azathioprine (Immunosuppressants)

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17
Q

A diagnosis of IBS should be considered only if the person has abdominal pain or discomfort that is either relieved by defaecation or associated with altered bowel frequency or stool form. This should be accompanied by at least two of the following four symptoms:

A

(1) Altered stool passage (straining, urgency, incomplete evacuation)
(2) Abdominal bloating (more common in women), distension, tension or hardness
(3) Symptoms made worse by eating
(4) Passage of mucus.

18
Q

Name the 4 sections of the stomach

A

Fundus, Cardia, Body, Pylorus

19
Q

Name the 4 layers of the stomach

A

Mucosa, Sub-mucosa, Muscularis, Connective tissue layer

20
Q

What layer of the stomach are the gastric pits found?

A

Mucosal Layer

21
Q

Name the cell types within the gastric pits and their functions

A

Goblet cells - Secrete mucus to protect stomach lining, at neck of gastric pit

Parietal cells: Secrete Gastric Acid (HCL) in response to stimulation by G cells.

G cells: Secrete Gastrin - acid stimulator, trigger pepsinogen and HCL release

D cells: Secrete somatostatin, hormone to slow down/inhibit acid secretion

Chief cells: Secrete Pepsinogen (Activated by HCL in stomach lumen into Pepsin)

22
Q

Identify the three main hormones that are activated to aid in digestion

A

Gastrin - Produced by G cells, stimulates the release of intrinsic factor and gastric acid from parietal cells, promotes gastric motility.

Pepsin - Produced by chief cells; activated by H+ to convert pepsinogen to pepsin and starts the digestive process.

Secretin - Produced by s cells of the duodenum. Stimulates the secretion of HCO- from pancreas in response to heightened acid production.

23
Q

Risk factors for developing GORD

A

Asthma, Obesity, Fatty meals (delayed gastric empyting), Smoking, Hiatus hernia, Pregnancy, Alcohol, Caffeine, Lying flat after eating

24
Q

Complications/Consequences of GORD

A

Ulceration
Oesophagitis
Barrett’s oesophagus
Oesophageal cancer

25
Q

Define Barrett’s Oesophagus

A

A well recognized as a complication of GORD/Oesophagitis

Replacement of the normal squamous epithelium lining the lower oesophagus with columnar epithelium - metaplasia

This may progress to malignancy

26
Q

Risk factors for developing Barrett’s Oesophagus

A 
Family history
Being male
Being white
Age
ChronicGORD
Current or pastsmoking
Obesity
27
Q

(4) Risk factors for developing a hiatus hernia

A

Age 50+
Female
Obesity
Pregnancy

28
Q

Define: Oesophageal varices

A

Extremely dilated, enlarged and/or swollen veins in the lower third of the oesophagus, commonly caused by portal hypertension, caused by liver cirrhosis.

29
Q

Define: Mallory-Weiss Tear/Syndrome

A

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding from a longitudinal mucosal tear in the upper gastrointestinal tract.

This is usually at the gastro-oesophageal junction or gastric cardia.

Usually as a result of forceful vomiting/retching.

30
Q

Risk factors for developing Gastritis

A

Infection with H.Pyloria, NSAID/Aspirin use

31
Q

MOA of Antacids

A

Neutralise the stomach acid and increase the pH of the stomach.

Antacids are temporary. The stomach empties out its contents (including the antacid), makes more acid, re-creating the problem/symptoms.

32
Q

MOA of H2 Antagonists, give drug name examples

A

Normally , histamine combines with H2 receptor on parietal cells, activates it and makes the stomach produce more acid.

H2 Antagonists stop histamine from binding to receptor to activate acid secretion.

Drug name = Ranitidine

33
Q

MOA of PPIs, give drug name examples

A

PPIs work by blocking the H+/K+ ATPase proton pump - the final step before stomach acid production.

They are effective, an almost complete blockade, and irreversibly bind to the pump

34
Q

Define Divertculae, Diverticulosis, Diverticular disease, and Divertculitis

A

Diverticula are sac-like protrusions of mucosa through the muscular wall.

Diverticulosis is defined as the presence of diverticula which are asymptomatic.

Diverticular disease is defined as diverticula associated with symptoms.

Diverticulitis is defined as evidence of diverticular inflammation (fever, tachycardia) with or without localised symptoms and signs.

35
Q

Where in the GIT are diverrticula commonly seen?

A

Sigmoid and descending colon.

36
Q

What (6) factors increase the risk of developing diverticulitis?

A

Age, smoking, obesity, high fat-low fibre diet, constipation and lack of exercise.

37
Q

Name the two types of colonic polyps

A

Hyperplastic Polyps: Common, small and considered extremely low risk for turning cancerous.

Adenomas: About 70 percent of all polyps are adenomatous. Only a small percentage actually become cancerous, but nearly all malignant polyps began as adenomatous.

38
Q

Identify the (4) risk factors for colonic polyps

A

Elderly, Family History, Previous history of polyps, Male gender

39
Q

Symptoms/red flags that may be suggestive of colorectal cancer…

A 
Anaemia 
Unexplained appetite loss
Unexplained weight loss 
Blood in stools/rectal bleeding
Change in bowel habits 
Abdominal/rectal mass
40
Q

(6) Risk factors for colorectal cancer

A 
Aged over 50
Colorectal polyps
Family history of colon cancer
Personal history of cancer
Inflammatory bowel disease
Cigarette smoking
41
Q

Signs and symptoms of appendicitis

A 
Abdominal pain - typically starts in the umbilical region and migrates to the RIF
Anorexia (loss of appetite)
Nausea and vomiting
Fever
Signs of sepsis
42
Q

On examination of a patient with appendicitis, what signs are you most likely to see?

A

RIF tenderness (commonly at McBurney’s point)

Rovsing’s sign - pain in RLQ on palpation of the LLQ

Obturator sign - pain on internal rotation and flexion of right thigh

Signs of peritonitis

Year 1 (16 decks)

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