Renal 8 Regulation of osmolality

Question 1

changes in extracellular fluid osmolality cause changes in intracellular fluid osmolality and cell volume

Answer 1

renal 8 regulation of osmolality

Question 2

Extracellular fluid volume is regulated by controlling water excretion and intake. Kindyes respond to hyperosmolar state as if it were a water deficit and to hypoosmolar conditions as if it were water excess

Answer 2

renal 8 regulation of osmolality

Question 3

correction requires a positive water balance leading to increased thirst and decreased renal water excretion

Answer 3

renal 8 regulation of osmolality

Question 4

correction requires a negative water balance leading to decreased thirst and increased renal excretion

Answer 4

renal 8 regulation of osmolality

Question 5

rapid- occur within minutes

Answer 5

renal 8 regulation of osmolality

Question 6

intake = output

Answer 6

renal 8 regulation of osmolality

Question 7

1.) Loop of henle and vasarecta 2.) variable permeability of the collecting ducts to water 3.) Osmosreceptors 4.) ADH

Answer 7

renal 8 regulation of osmolality

Question 8

Loop of henle (active exchange) NaK-ATPase drives the Na-K-2CL pum p. Creastes and osmotic gradient of 200 mOsm at each horizontal level. Creates a steep longitudinal greadient (300 mOsm in the cortex to 1200 mosm in the deep medulla)

Answer 8

renal 8 regulation of osmolality

Question 9

Vasa recta (passive exchange) Extensions of the peritubular capillaries. Supply oxugen and nurtients to the medullary region with sluggish flow. Inflow: NaCl enters/H2O leaves Outflow: NaCl leaves/H2O enters Net effect = removal of reabsorbed NaCl and water. Fluid leaving the vasa reacta have a higher osmolarity compared to the fluid that entered (leaves more conentrated= taking away more salt back into systemic circulation)

Answer 9

renal 8 regulation of osmolality

Question 10

the loop of henle combimed with the vasa recta

Answer 10

renal 8 regulation of osmolality

Question 11

ADH. ADH stimulates adenylate cyclase and causes water channels (aquaporins AQP-2) to fuse in the luminal membrane

Answer 11

renal 8 regulation of osmolality

Question 12

hypothalamus (supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei) sense the osmolality of the plasma (remember these regions do not have a BBB because they have to be able to sense the osmolarity of the plasma and change ADH release from the posterior pituitary)

Answer 12

renal 8 regulation of osmolality

Question 13

1.) Increase the permeability of collecting duct to water 2.) Increase activity of the Na-K-2Cl pump in the thick ascending loop of henle to maintain the intermedullary gradient to ensure that we can continue to reabsorb water 3.) Increase urea reabsorption

Answer 13

renal 8 regulation of osmolality

Question 14

Impermeable to solutes and Permeable to water (water leaves the tubule) Tubular fluid becomes increasingly more hypertonic

Answer 14

renal 8 regulation of osmolality

Question 15

Impermeable to water and Permeable to NaCl (diffuses out) and Urea (diffuses in)

Answer 15

renal 8 regulation of osmolality

Question 16

Impermeable to water. Na-K-2Cl transproter. Tubular fluid becomes progressively more dilute

Answer 16

renal 8 regulation of osmolality

Question 17

hypotonic

Answer 17

renal 8 regulation of osmolality

Question 18

the extent to which the kidneys can consevre water

Answer 18

renal 8 regulation of osmolality

Question 19

1.) Pump: turn in NaK2Cl to move solute into the intermedullary region (until you reach 200 horizontal differnece) 2.) Water movement: allow water to go out ( flows due to solute concentration in intermedullary space) 3.) Flow: Fresh fluid (300 mOsm) flows into the loop which pushes the fluid already there around. Final result: fluid thatis leaving is hypotonic to the fluid that came in meaning we are taking away more than just salt

Answer 19

renal 8 regulation of osmolality

Question 20

increased flow will have washout of the medullary gradient resulting in a inability to concentratre urine

Answer 20

renal 8 regulation of osmolality

Question 21

increases the sensitivity of ADH

Answer 21

renal 8 regulation of osmolality

Question 22

decreases the sensitivity of ADH

Answer 22

renal 8 regulation of osmolality

Question 23

2-3% increase in osmolaity causes rapid ADH release. >10% decrease in ECBV to get same change in ADH

Answer 23

renal 8 regulation of osmolality

Question 24

Hypothalmic osmoreceptors

Answer 24

renal 8 regulation of osmolality

Question 25

ADH and thirst

Answer 25

renal 8 regulation of osmolality

Question 26

urine osmolality, water intake (how much water is absorbed)

Answer 26

renal 8 regulation of osmolality

Question 27

Carotid sinus, Affernet areterioles, Atria (and R ventricle)

Answer 27

renal 8 regulation of osmolality

Question 28

decrease in ECBV >10%

Answer 28

renal 8 regulation of osmolality

Question 29

Urine Na exretion

Answer 29

renal 8 regulation of osmolality

Question 30

Increase in ADH leading to antiduresis (increased permeability of CCD and MCD to water) increas in urea reabsoprtion in the MCD. Urine = small volume and high osmolality

Answer 30

renal 8 regulation of osmolality

Question 31

Inhibit ADH - leads to diuresis ( CDC andMCD become less permeable to water) Urine= large volume with low osmolarity

Answer 31

renal 8 regulation of osmolality

Question 32

the ability of the kidney to exrete or retain water

Answer 32

renal 8 regulation of osmolality

Question 33

no loss/retention of free water

Answer 33

renal 8 regulation of osmolality

Question 34

losing free water

Answer 34

renal 8 regulation of osmolality

Question 35

retaining free water

Answer 35

renal 8 regulation of osmolality