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CardioRenal III > Histology of the Urinary System > Flashcards

Histology of the Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

what type of epithelium makes up the parietal layer of bowmans capsule

A

simple squamous

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2
Q

Parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule

A

Outer layer that separates the corpsucle from the surrounding tissue. Formed of simple squamous epithelium

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3
Q

Distinct cell types found in the collecting duct

A

1.) Principle Cells (main cell type) 2.) Intercalated cells of the collecting ducts

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4
Q

Function of the proximal convoluted tubule

A

1.) Reabsorb amino acids, proteins, glucose, and ions that were filtered from the blood within the corpuscle 2.) Eliminate organic solutes, drugs, and toxins

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5
Q

Does urine get modified in the conducting system?

A

No- once the urine reaches the conduction system it is no longer modified

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6
Q

what cell type forms the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule

A

podocytes (modified epithelium)

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7
Q

What is the loop of Henle

A

Straight thick and thin tubules that connect the proximal and distal convoluted tules. Consists of ascending (going to the capsule) and decending (going to the medulla) tubules

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8
Q

Urinary Space (Bowman’s space)

A

space between the parietal and visceral layer of bowmans capsule. The ultrafiltrate is colledcted here before going to the proximal convoluted tubule

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9
Q

What type of epithelium lines the prostatic urethra in males

A

Transitional epithelium

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10
Q

what makes up the renal corpuscle

A

consists of glomerulus surrounded by Bowman’s capsule

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11
Q

Describe the cortex and the medulla in a living specimen

A

in a living specimen the cortex is dark red/brown (90-95% of the blood passing through the kidney is in the cortex) and the medulla is light colored

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12
Q

what drains the glomerulus

A

efferent arteriole

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13
Q

muscularis of the urinary bladder

A

forms the detursor muscle. Thicker than in the ureter- inner longitudinal, Middle circularis, sometimes outer longitudinal)

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14
Q

where is the thick descending limb located

A

in the outer stripe of the outer medulla

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15
Q

What type of epithelium lines the penile (spongy) urethra in men

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium (replaced with non-keratinized statifed squamous more distally)

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16
Q

What froms the outer stripe of the outer medulla

A

thick tubules (ascending and descending)

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17
Q

what structure conducts urine form the urinary pelvis to the urinary bladder? What epithelium lines this structure

A

Ureter- transitional epithelium

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18
Q

Venous drainage of the kidney

A

Peritubular capillaries - stellate veins- interlobar veins - arcuate veins

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19
Q

extraglomerular mesangial cells - where are they located? What do they do?

A

located in the cleft between the afferent and efferent arteriles and the macula densa. Provide structural support and transmit signals from the macula densa (about Cl concentrtaion) to the juxtaglomerular cells

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20
Q

Histologicla features of the proximal convoluted tubule

A

1.) Formed of cuboidal cells with a prominent brush border (microvilli) 2.) Apical regions have tight junctions 2.) Basal stiations (mitochondira for ion pumps) 3.) Interdigitating lateral membranes

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21
Q

What cell type lines the collecting duct

A

simple cuboidal epithelium (becomes low columnar distally)

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22
Q

Basal membrane of glomerular capillaries

A

basal membranes f the endothelial cells of the capillaries and the podocytes fuse to form a single basal lamina

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23
Q

what arteries signify the corticomedullary junction

A

arcuate arteries

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24
Q

Thick acending limb (Distal Straight Tubule)

A

lined with simple cuboidal (** NO brush border - can differentiate from the thick descending limb) still has basal striations (mitochondria). Impermeable to water and urea

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25
Q

what cell types make up the distal convoluted tubule

A

simple cuboidal cells without a brush border. Prominent Basal striations

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26
Q

where does the proximal convoluted tubule begin

A

urinary pole of bowmans capsule

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27
Q

descibe the tonicity of the fluid that leaves the proximal convoluted tubule (to plasma)

A

isotonic

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28
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells

A

modified smooth muscle cell that exhibs secretory activity (granules contain renin) - release of renin results in the production of angiotensisn II (enothelial cells) and aldosterone (adrenal glands)

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29
Q

Thin descending limb

A

lined with simple squamous epithelium. Highly permeable to water (water can diffuse out)

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30
Q

role of aldosterone in the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

stimulates reabsorption of sodium by the principle cells in the collecting duct

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31
Q

Mesingeal cells (functions)

A

Contractile cells that play a role in 1.) glomerular blood folw (have a receptor for angiotensin II - activation reduces glomerular blood flow) 2.) Structural support for the glomerulys 3.) phagocytosis- clean up the residue and proteins trapped in the basal lamina

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32
Q

Urinary pole

A

area of bowmans capsule where the proximal convoluted tuble originates from (to drain the urinary space)

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33
Q

which type of nephron has a short loop of henle

A

cortical nephrons - does not contains an ascending thin segment

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34
Q

are the lateral membranes of principle cells visible on light microscope

A

Yes- their lateral membranes do not interdigitate (helps to distinguish between collecting ducts and nephron tubules)

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35
Q

what form filtration slits

A

interdigitated pediciles

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36
Q

Renal pelvis

A

large resovoir located in the kidney that opens to the ureter

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37
Q

Cortical labyrinth

A

found in the renal cortex - formed by convoluted tubules (form the squiggly part of the tubules)

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38
Q

ureter muscularis

A

two or theree layers ( uper longitudinal, middle circular, sometimes outer longitudinal)

39
Q

Describe the tonicity of the fitrate in the thin descending limb

A

hyperosmotic - the thin descending limb is highly permeable to water so now the filtrate is hyperosmotic.

40
Q

what forms the macula densa

A

the epiltelial cells of the thick ascedning limb adjacent to the afferent arteriole. Epithelia are taller and narrower compared to surrounding cuboidal epithelium.

41
Q

Function of kidney tubule

A

1.) Reabsorb materials from the ultrafiltrate 2.) Secrete materials into the ultrafiltrate

42
Q

how can you distinguish between a nephron tubule and a collecting duct

A

no lateral membranes seen in the nephron tubule, DO see lateral membranes in the collecting duct

43
Q

what structure is unique to the cortex

A

renal corpuscles (spherical structures)

44
Q

Kidney Calyces

A

receive urine from collecting ducts - urine flows from minor calyces to major calyces and then into the renal pelvis

45
Q

Arterial Supply to the kidney (overview)

A

Renal - Lobar - Interlobar- Arcuate - Interlobular- Afferent arterioles- Glomerular Capillaries- Efferent Arterioles - Peritubular capillaries (cortical nephrons)/ Vasa Recta (juxtamedullary nephrons)

46
Q

Describe the tonicity of the filtrate in the thick ascending limb

A

hypotonic due to the transport of sodium and chloride ions from the lumen to the interstitium

47
Q

three major components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

1.) Juxtaglomerular cells 2.) Macula densa 3.) Extraglomerular mesangial cells

48
Q

what structures make up the cortex of the kidney

A

kidney tubules, renal corpuscles, blood vessels, interstitial connective tissue

49
Q

Bowman’s Capsule

A

fenestrated capillaries surrounded by a double layer of epithelium . Blood is brought in by afferent arterioles and then out through the efferent arteriole

50
Q

Subdivisions of the kidney

A

1.) Cortex 2.) Outer stripe of the outer medulla 3.) Inner stripe of the outer medulla 4.) Inner medulla

51
Q

Renal pyramid orientation

A

base faces the cortex, apex (renal papilla) faces the minor calyx

52
Q

Collecting duct function

A

recieves urine form nephrons through the connecting tubule

53
Q

where is the thin ascending limb found

A

in the inner medulla

54
Q

Pedicle

A

small digit like processes of podocytes. Interdigitate with neighboring pedicles to form filtration slits

55
Q

connecting tubule

A

connects the distal tubule to the collecting duct. Lined with simple cuboidal epithelium

56
Q

What type of epithelium lines the membranous urethra in males

A

pseudostratified or stratified columnar

57
Q

Function of the thick ascending limb

A

transport sodium and chloride ions from the lumen to the interstitium (makes the filtrate hypotonic)

58
Q

Types of nephrons

A

1.) Juxtamedullary nephrons 2.) Cortical nephrons

59
Q

Role of principle cells

A

located in the collecting duct 1.) Respond to vasopressin (or antiduretic hormone ADH) - open water channels from the lumen of collecting ducts to decrease the volume and increase the concerntration of urine (water flows out due to high osmolarity in the medullary interstitial space) 2.) reabsorb Na and Cl and secrete K

60
Q

Thin ascending limb

A

lined with simple squamous epithelium. IMPERMEABLE to water but highlt permeable to NaCl

61
Q

Medullary rays

A

Found within the renal Cortex: Radial rays formed by the straight tubules and the collecting duct

62
Q

Podocytes

A

form numerous processes that begin from the cell body and cover the surface of the capillaries of the glomerulus

63
Q

juxtaglomerular aparatus role

A

important in regulating blood pressure through the production of renin

64
Q

Where does the thick ascedning limb begin and end

A

begins in the inner stripe of the outer medulla and travels through the outer stripe into the cortex

65
Q

describe the capsule of the kidney

A

DICT (fibroblasts, Myoblasts- not as developed in humans, collagen fibers)

66
Q

Filtration Slit Diaphragm

A

Found at the base of the filtration slit. Made up of the glycocalyx of the adjacent cells (forms a negative barrier)

67
Q

Are the lateral membranes of nephron tubules visible on light microscope

A

no - interdigitating lateral membranes

68
Q

The medulla consists mostly of

A

renal tubules and collecting ducts

69
Q

Renal pyramids

A

8-12 per kidney. Formed of renal tubules

70
Q

What forms the inner stripe of the outer medulla

A

thick (ascending) and thin (descending)

71
Q

Visceral Layer of Bowman’s capsule

A

inner layer that covers the glomerulus.

72
Q

Function of the Renal Corpuscle

A

Filtration of blood

73
Q

Major functions of the kidney

A

Remove metabolic waste, conserve body fluid, produce urine that helps regulate body fluids, endocrine organ ( EPO, Renin)

74
Q

Macula densa function

A

sense chloride concentration in the tubule

75
Q

what arteries travel between the renal pyramids to the corticomedulary jucntion

A

interlobar arteries

76
Q

Vascular pole

A

area of bowmans capsule where vlood vessels enter and exit the corpuscle

77
Q

Thick decending limb (Proximal Straight tubule)

A

lined with cuboidal epithelium. Specialized for absorption (not as much as the proximal convoluted tubule)

78
Q

Glomerular capillaries

A

numerous fenestrae (DO NOT have diaphragms)

79
Q

Role of intercalated cells of the collecting duct

A

regulate the pH of the urine. Transport H+ and HCO3- in and out of the tubule

80
Q

Where does the thin descending limb originate

A

begins in the inner stripe of the outer medulla and travels down to the inner medulla

81
Q

What forms the inner medulla

A

mostly thin tubules and collecting ducts

82
Q

What forms the tip of the renal pyramid

A

area cribosa - the location where the collecting duct empties into the minor calyx

83
Q

function of the distal convoluted tubule

A

reabsorption of Na, Cl, and HCO3

84
Q

Hilum of the kidney

A

medially located ventricle fissure where blood vessels, nerves and ureter enter and exit the kidney

85
Q

what is the functional unit of the kidney

A

the nephron

86
Q

what supplies the glomerulus

A

afferent arteriole

87
Q

Ducts of Bellini

A

Large papillary ducts that form from the merger of collecting ducts towards the apex of the pyramid -empty into the minor calyx

88
Q

Renal columns

A

projections of cortex between the pyramids of the medulla

89
Q

what type of epithelium lines the female urethra

A

initially lined with transitional epithelium- replaced by pseudostratified columnar in the middle with non-keratinized squamous epithelium towards the distal end

90
Q

vasa recta role

A

help remove water from the medullary interstitium. Made up of Decending (run to pyramid) and Ascending (run back to corticomedullary junction)

91
Q

Glands of littre- what are they? Where are they most often found?

A

pockets of mucosal epithelium lined by mucous secretung cells

Most common in the penile urethral of the male and all along the female urethra

92
Q

What limb of the loop of Henle enterst the vacular pole of bowmans capsue

A

Thick ascending limb

93
Q

Renal Tubules are made up of

A

1.) Cortical Labyrinth 2.) Medullary Rays

94
Q

Descibe the tonicity of the filtrate in the thin ascending limb

A

because the thin ascending limb is permable to ions but impermeable to water, NaCl leaves and the fitrate becomes hyposmotic (hypotonic) - this makes the medullary tissue hyperosmotic.

CardioRenal III (13 decks)

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