Renal Flashcards
causes of metabolic acidosis with a normal anion gap
gastrointestinal bicarbonate loss: diarrhea, urterosigmoidstomy, fistula renal tubular acidosis drugs: e.g. acetazolamide ammonium chloride injection Addison's disease
metabolic acidosis with a raised anion gap
lactate: shock, hypoxia
ketones: diabetic ketoacidosis, alcohol
urate: renal failure
acid poisoning: salicylate, methanol
what are the causes of metabolic alkalosis
vomiting / aspiration (e.g. peptic ulcer leading to pyloric stenos, nasogastric suction) diuretics liquorice, carbenoxolone hypokalaemia primary hyperaldosteronism Cushing's syndrome Bartter's syndrome congenital adrenal hyperplasia
what are the causes of respiratory acidosis?
COPD
decompensation in other respiratory conditions e.g. life-threatening asthma / pulmonary oedema
sedative drugs: benzodiazepines, opiate overdose
what are the common causes of respiratory alkalosis?
anxiety leading to hyperventilation pulmonary embolism salicylate poisoning CNS disorders: stroke, subarachnoid haemorrhage, encephalitis altitude pregnancy
what is the criteria for nephrotic syndrome?
proteinuria (>3g/24hr) causing
Hypoalbuminaemia (<30g/L) and Oedema
what conditions cause nephrotic syndrome?
minimal change disease membranous GN focal segmental glomerulosclerosis amyloidosis diabetic nephropathy
what conditions cause nephritic syndrome?
rapidly progressive GN
IgA nephropathy
ALport syndrome
what conditions cause nephrotic and nephritic syndrome?
diffuse proliferative GN
membranoproliferazive GN
post-streptococcal GN
what two organisms cause peritonitis?
staphylococcus epidermidi - mosto common
and staphylococcus aureus
what is CKD stage G1?
> 90, normal kidney function but urine findings or structural abnormalities or genetic trait point to kidney disease
what is CKD stage G2?
mildly reduced kidney function but urine fundings or structural abnormalities or genetic trait point to kidney disease
What is CKD G3a?
45-59, moderately reduced kidney function
what is CKD G3b?
30-44, moderately reduced kidney function
what is CKD G4?
15-29, severely reduced kidney function
