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Patho Exam 2 > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main function of the kidneys?

A

Entire blood supply circulates 12 times a day

-filter out waste products

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2
Q

How much urine does the bladder typically hold?

  • What are the risks for a person that holds urine?
A

400-500 cc

Risk for infection if person holds urine.

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3
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys?

A

Water balance

Electrolyte regulation

Synthesis of Vit D

Regulation of RBC production

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4
Q

What further issues do patients with kidney problems have?

A

Difficulty storing calcium due to vitamin D synthesis issues.

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5
Q

What is:

  • Osmolarity
  • Osmolality
A
  • Osmolarity= Ratio of solutes to water
  • Osmolality= Dilution of urine
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6
Q

What are the functions of aldosterone?

A
  • Reabsorbs sodium
  • Causes secretion of potassium
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7
Q

What are the two types of natriuretic peptides?

Where are they secreted?

A
  • ANP
    • Secreted by heart cells in atria with increase of pressure in atria
  • BNP
    • Secreted by heart cells in ventricles with increased ventricular pressure
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8
Q

What do natriuretic peptides do?

A

Inhibit sodium and water from being absorbed.

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9
Q

Where is vitamin D received?

What is its main purpose?

A

Obtained in diet/synthesized by sun exposure

Aids in absorption of calcium/potassium

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10
Q

What is erythropoietin?

When is it made?

A

Stimulates bone marrow to produce RBC

Made with tissue hypoxia

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11
Q

How can renal function be deteced in a blood test?

A
  • High creatinine leves indicate kidney failure
    • (normal= 0.6-1.2)
  • High BUN (blood urea nitrogen)
    • (normal= 10-20)
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12
Q

What items should not be in urine and indicate kidney function failure?

A
  • Glucose
  • Ketones
  • Albumin/protein
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13
Q

What main test detects creatinine in blood and urine?

What does it indicate?

A

Glomelular filtration rate= indicates specific kidney filtration function

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14
Q

What considerations should be made for aging adults?

A
  • Nephrons die (kidney function slows/declines)
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15
Q

What are urinary tract obstructions?

A

Block that interferes with urine flow in any site of urinary tract.

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16
Q

What are Kidney stones (calculi)?

What are the risk factors?

A

Formation of mineral buildup in kidneys

Risks

  • ]Fluid and diet (high calcium, high sodium)
  • Men
  • Low fluid intake
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17
Q

What are the main types of kidney stones?

What causes them?

A

Calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate (most common)

  • Immobilization
  • Hyperparathyroidism (Calcitonin increase)
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18
Q

What are struvite stones made of?

What are the main characteristics of these stones?

A

Magnesium/ammonium

  • Usually very large
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19
Q

What are the main treatments for kidney stones?

A
  • Lithrotripsy (soundwaves breakup stones)
  • Increase fluid intake
  • Decrease mineral containing foods
20
Q

What is a neurogenic bladder?

What usually causes it?

A

Bladder issues caused by a neurologic problem.

  • associated with spinal cord injury/lesions in sacral spinal cord.
21
Q

What is overactive bladder syndrome (OBS)?

What are the symptoms?

A

Involuntary bladder contraction during bladder filling that results in incomplete urine emptying/urine retention.

  • Frequency, urgency, nocturia
22
Q

What are postvoid urine evaluations?

A

After voiding, scan bladder to look for retaining of urine.

23
Q

What is a common sign of renal adenoma (cancer) and bladder cancer?

A

Painless hematuria (blood in urine)

24
Q

What are urinary tract infections (UTI)?

What is the most common cause?

A

Inflammation of urinary epithelium caused by bacteria?

Usually caused by E coli

25
Q

What is acute cystitis?

What are the common symptoms?

A

UTI of the bladder

  • Frequency
  • Dysuria (painful urination)
  • Hematuria
26
Q

What is interstitial cystitis?

What are the symptoms?

A

Inflamed bladder not due to bacteria

  • Small urine volume
  • Pelvic pain
  • Frequency
27
Q

What are the treatmens for interstitial cystitis?

A

No treament; symptom relief

28
Q

Pyelonephritis

What is ti?

A

Infection of upper urinary tracts (ureters, renal pelvis)

29
Q

Acute Pyelonephritis

What is it caused by?

What is a common symptom?

A

Ascending uropathic microorganisms along ureters,

  • Pain in lower back (CVA tenderness)
30
Q

Chronic Pyelonephritis

What physical alterations are made to kidneys?

A
  • Scarring of kidneys
  • Increased risk for for infections.
31
Q

What is glomerulonephritis?

What are the symptoms?

A

Infection of glomerulus that causes:

  • Acute kidney failure
  • Oliguria (<30 mL/hr)
  • High blood pressure
  • Proteinuria (protein in urine)
32
Q

What does nephrotic syndrome caused by glomerulonephritis?

A
  • Huge amounts protein in urine
  • Low protein in blood
  • Small amounts of hematuria (microscopic)
33
Q

What are the symptoms of nephritic syndrome caused by glomerulonephritis?

A
  • High amounts of hematuria
  • Lower amounts of proteinuria (still abnormal)
  • Azotemia (waste products in blood)
    *
34
Q

What are the most common causes of glomerulonephritis?

A
  • Group A strep infections
  • Impetigo
  • Viral infections (sometimes)
35
Q

What are these results of acute kidney injury:

  • Renal insufficiency
  • Renal failure
  • End Stage renal failure
A
  • Renal insufficiency= working but not fully
  • Renal failure= Signifincant loss of renal function (dialysis)
  • End Stage renal failure= Renal function <10%
36
Q

What are the common signs of renal insufficiencies/renal failure?

A
  • Uremia and azotemia (waste products in blood)
  • Higher creatinine/BUN
37
Q

What are these causes of acute renal failure:

  • Prerenal
A

Most common cause of AKI

Severe drop in blood pressure

or

Drop in blood flow to kidneys

38
Q

What is this cause of acute renal failure:

  • Intrarenal
A

Direct damage to kidneys (infection, drugs)

39
Q

What is this cause of acute renal failure:

  • Postrenal
A

Obstruction of urine flow (prostate, stones)

40
Q

What is chronic kidney disease?

What is acute kidney disease?

A

Chronic= Progressive loss of kidney function that affects all organs

Acute= sudden decline in kidney function (drugs, bloodloss)

41
Q

What occurs with water and electrolyte balances with chronic kidney disease?

A

Water retention; edema

  • Sodium and potassium secretion increases early.
  • Once oliguria sets in, potassium retained
42
Q

What is hemodialysis?

  • how often is it performed?
A

Treatment that uses machine to filter blood when kidney function declines.

Received 3-4 hours a week

43
Q

What are these types of hemodialysis:

  • Arteriovenous fistula
  • Arteriovenous graft
A
  • Arteriovenous fistula= Surgically connection of artery and vein (longest life)
  • Arteriovenous graft= Subcutaneous connection of artery and vein using other material.
44
Q

What are the advantages of AV fistula vs AV graft for dialysis?

A
  • AV fistula takes 2-3 months to heal before it can be used
  • Fistula has a longer life line.
  • Graft must be used for those with diabetes.
45
Q

What is peritoneal dialysis?

A

Treatment of hypertension and heart failure using semipermeable peritoneal membrane for dialysis.

Takes much longer.

Patho Exam 2 (5 decks)

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