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Patho Exam 2 > Pain, Temp, and Sleep > Flashcards

Pain, Temp, and Sleep Flashcards

Only <5 questions on exam for this chapter

1
Q

What makes perception of pain (Nociception) unique?

A

Tolerance is different for everyone:

Cannot be defined/measured by observer

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2
Q

What are the nerve endings that receive pain stimulus called?

A

Nociceptors

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3
Q

What are the three systems of perception of pain?

  • Explain them
A

1) Sensory

The neural pathways

2) Motivational/affective

Behaviors and emotions to pain

3) Cognitive

Learned behaviors to pain

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4
Q

What is a pain threshold?

What is Pain tolerance?

A
  • Threshold= Lowest amount of pain that you perceive as painful
  • Tolerance= Highest amount of pain you can endure.
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5
Q

If you are repeatedly exposed to same pain stimulus, does pain tolerance increase or decrease?

A

Decrease (anticipation)

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6
Q

What are endogenous opiods?

A

Morphine-like neuropeptide that binds to opiod receptor to inhibit pain

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7
Q

Enkephalins

What are they?

What is the most common version?

A
  • Prevalent natural opiods produced by brain.
  • Endorphins
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8
Q
  • What is acute pain?
  • How long does acute pain last?
A
  • Pain caused by direct stimulus
  • Lasts up to 3 months.
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9
Q

What are these types of acute pain:

Somatic:

Visceral:

A

Somatic: From skin, joints, and muscles (usually localized)

Visceral:From internal organs

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10
Q

What is referred pain?

When is it often present?

A

Pain from one area that originates from another

Often occurs with visceral pain

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11
Q

What is chronic pain?

What additional effects can be caused?

A

Persistent/intermittent pain that lasts >3 months or indefinitely.

Behavior/psychological problems

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12
Q

What is neuropathic pain?

What are the common characteristics

A

Chronic pain in which nerve endings are damaged

Burning/tingling

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13
Q

Who is neuropathic pain common in?

A

Diabetics (neuropathic damage)

Amputees (phantom limb)

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14
Q

Factors that affect temp:

A
  • Gender
  • Circadian rhythm
  • Environment
  • Activity
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15
Q
  • What controls body temperature?

What body mechanisms aid in heat production/conservation?

A

Hypothalamus

  • Metabolism
  • Muscle contraction
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Shivering
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16
Q

What are some actions that are employed for heat loss?

A

Increased respirations

Vasodilation

17
Q

How is temperature regulation abnormal for:

Infants

Elderly

A

Infants= Produce enough heat; can’t conserve

  • Thin subcutaneous tissue

Elderly= Slow blood circulation/vasoconstriction

Decreased sweating/shivering

18
Q

What is a fever (technically)?

A

Resetting of hypothalamic thermostat

19
Q

What are these things that cause fever:

  • Central fever
  • Fever of unknown origin
A

Cental fever: Fever related to head injury (not pathogen)

  • Can’t be controlled

FUO: Fever for longer than 3 weeks (unknown why)

  • Can be controlled
20
Q

What are these things that cause fever:

Endogenous pyrogens :

Exogenous pyrogens:

A

Endogenous pyrogens: Released from phagocytic cells (interleukins)

Exogenous pyrogens: Endotoxins from pathogens

21
Q

What are heat cramps caused by:

What is heat exhaustion:

A

Cramps: Loss of sodium when sweating

Exhaustion; Profused sweating that decreases blood pressure/increases heart rate

22
Q

What is a heat stroke:

A

Lethal result when body temperature raises beyond 104 degrees

  • Cardiovascular/brain function ceases
23
Q

Heatstroke symptoms:

Exhaustion symptoms:

A

Sweating stops, anxiety, delirium

Exhaustion: Dizziness, weakness, nausea

24
Q

What is malignant hyperthermia:

A

Inherited muscular disorder triggered by anesthesia.

Causes muscle contraction

25
Q

What is hypothermia:

What is tissue hypothermia:

A

Ice crystals form in cells, causing rupture and death

Tissue: Slowed metabolism/blood through blood coagulation and vasocontriction

26
Q

What is therapeautic hypothermia:

What is accidental hypothermia:

A

Purposefully slowed metabolism to preserve ischemic tissue (limb reimplanation)

Accidental: Sudden/prolonged exposure to cold

27
Q

What are the two phases of sleep?

What controls it?

A

Body cycles between REM sleep and NREM.

Controlled by hypothalamus that releases orexins

28
Q

How often does REM occur?

A

Every 90 minutes after 1-2 hours of sleep

29
Q

What is insomnia?

Difference in transient and chronic?

A

Inability to fall/stay asleep

Transient: lasts days to months

Chronic: Drug/alcohol abuse/environmental

30
Q

What is obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS)?

Risk factors?

A

Total/partal airway collapse in sleep:

Caused by: Obesity, older age, men

31
Q

Why does Sleep apnea cause hypersomnia?

A

Do not get uninterrupted sleep, so remain tired

32
Q

What is narcolepsy?

A

Primary hypersomnia

caused by hypothalamus injury that alters sleep patternn.

33
Q

Alterations in circadian rhythm cause:

Short term:

Long term:

A

Short term: Cognitive deficit/difficult concentration

Long term: Depression, anxiety, increased heart disease

34
Q

What are parasomnias?

What are examples?

A

Unusual behavior during NREM stage of sleep

Sleep walking

Night terrors

Restless leg syndrome

35
Q

What is restless leg syndrome?

A

Unpleasant sensations in legs that make person move legs periodically.

36
Q

What are cataracts:

What is glaucoma?

A

Cataracts: Protein buildup in lens that causes cloudy buildup

Glaucoma: Buildup of aqueous fluid in eye that causes pressure.

37
Q

What is presbyopia?

What is presbycusis?

A

Presbyopia:Normal process of aging that causes loss of alasticity of lens (far sightedness)

Presbycusis: Normal process of hearing loss.

38
Q

What is hyposmia:

Anosmia:

A

Hyposmia: Impaired sense of smell

Anosmia: Complete loss of smell

Patho Exam 2 (5 decks)

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