Pain, Temp, and Sleep Flashcards
Only <5 questions on exam for this chapter
What makes perception of pain (Nociception) unique?
Tolerance is different for everyone:
Cannot be defined/measured by observer
What are the nerve endings that receive pain stimulus called?
Nociceptors
What are the three systems of perception of pain?
- Explain them
1) Sensory
The neural pathways
2) Motivational/affective
Behaviors and emotions to pain
3) Cognitive
Learned behaviors to pain
What is a pain threshold?
What is Pain tolerance?
- Threshold= Lowest amount of pain that you perceive as painful
- Tolerance= Highest amount of pain you can endure.
If you are repeatedly exposed to same pain stimulus, does pain tolerance increase or decrease?
Decrease (anticipation)
What are endogenous opiods?
Morphine-like neuropeptide that binds to opiod receptor to inhibit pain
Enkephalins
What are they?
What is the most common version?
- Prevalent natural opiods produced by brain.
- Endorphins
- What is acute pain?
- How long does acute pain last?
- Pain caused by direct stimulus
- Lasts up to 3 months.
What are these types of acute pain:
Somatic:
Visceral:
Somatic: From skin, joints, and muscles (usually localized)
Visceral:From internal organs
What is referred pain?
When is it often present?
Pain from one area that originates from another
Often occurs with visceral pain
What is chronic pain?
What additional effects can be caused?
Persistent/intermittent pain that lasts >3 months or indefinitely.
Behavior/psychological problems
What is neuropathic pain?
What are the common characteristics
Chronic pain in which nerve endings are damaged
Burning/tingling
Who is neuropathic pain common in?
Diabetics (neuropathic damage)
Amputees (phantom limb)
Factors that affect temp:
- Gender
- Circadian rhythm
- Environment
- Activity
- What controls body temperature?
What body mechanisms aid in heat production/conservation?
Hypothalamus
- Metabolism
- Muscle contraction
- Vasoconstriction
- Shivering
What are some actions that are employed for heat loss?
Increased respirations
Vasodilation
How is temperature regulation abnormal for:
Infants
Elderly
Infants= Produce enough heat; can’t conserve
- Thin subcutaneous tissue
Elderly= Slow blood circulation/vasoconstriction
Decreased sweating/shivering
What is a fever (technically)?
Resetting of hypothalamic thermostat
What are these things that cause fever:
- Central fever
- Fever of unknown origin
Cental fever: Fever related to head injury (not pathogen)
- Can’t be controlled
FUO: Fever for longer than 3 weeks (unknown why)
- Can be controlled
What are these things that cause fever:
Endogenous pyrogens :
Exogenous pyrogens:
Endogenous pyrogens: Released from phagocytic cells (interleukins)
Exogenous pyrogens: Endotoxins from pathogens
What are heat cramps caused by:
What is heat exhaustion:
Cramps: Loss of sodium when sweating
Exhaustion; Profused sweating that decreases blood pressure/increases heart rate
What is a heat stroke:
Lethal result when body temperature raises beyond 104 degrees
- Cardiovascular/brain function ceases
Heatstroke symptoms:
Exhaustion symptoms:
Sweating stops, anxiety, delirium
Exhaustion: Dizziness, weakness, nausea
What is malignant hyperthermia:
Inherited muscular disorder triggered by anesthesia.
Causes muscle contraction
What is hypothermia:
What is tissue hypothermia:
Ice crystals form in cells, causing rupture and death
Tissue: Slowed metabolism/blood through blood coagulation and vasocontriction
What is therapeautic hypothermia:
What is accidental hypothermia:
Purposefully slowed metabolism to preserve ischemic tissue (limb reimplanation)
Accidental: Sudden/prolonged exposure to cold
What are the two phases of sleep?
What controls it?
Body cycles between REM sleep and NREM.
Controlled by hypothalamus that releases orexins
How often does REM occur?
Every 90 minutes after 1-2 hours of sleep
What is insomnia?
Difference in transient and chronic?
Inability to fall/stay asleep
Transient: lasts days to months
Chronic: Drug/alcohol abuse/environmental
What is obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS)?
Risk factors?
Total/partal airway collapse in sleep:
Caused by: Obesity, older age, men
Why does Sleep apnea cause hypersomnia?
Do not get uninterrupted sleep, so remain tired
What is narcolepsy?
Primary hypersomnia
caused by hypothalamus injury that alters sleep patternn.
Alterations in circadian rhythm cause:
Short term:
Long term:
Short term: Cognitive deficit/difficult concentration
Long term: Depression, anxiety, increased heart disease
What are parasomnias?
What are examples?
Unusual behavior during NREM stage of sleep
Sleep walking
Night terrors
Restless leg syndrome
What is restless leg syndrome?
Unpleasant sensations in legs that make person move legs periodically.
What are cataracts:
What is glaucoma?
Cataracts: Protein buildup in lens that causes cloudy buildup
Glaucoma: Buildup of aqueous fluid in eye that causes pressure.
What is presbyopia?
What is presbycusis?
Presbyopia:Normal process of aging that causes loss of alasticity of lens (far sightedness)
Presbycusis: Normal process of hearing loss.
What is hyposmia:
Anosmia:
Hyposmia: Impaired sense of smell
Anosmia: Complete loss of smell
