Hematology Flashcards
- Where is hemoglobin located?
- What important mineral is required for hemoglobin?
- RBCs
- Iron is needed for hemoglobin
What is the purpose of hemoglobin?
Allows RBCs to pick up oxygen from lungs and deliver it to body tissues.
What is erythropoiesis?
What stimulates it?
Creation of RBCs
Stimulated by erythropoietin (kidney hormone) that is secreted when blood oxygen is low.
What is Hematopoiesis?
Creation of ALL blood cells.
Anemia
- What is it?
Reduction in total number of RBCs
or
Reduction in quality/quantity of hemoglobin
Anemia
What can cause it?
- Impaired RBC production
- Blood loss
- RBC destruction
What is hypoxemia?
What is this an indicator for?
Reduced oxygen in arterial blood
Anemia
What are symptoms of anemia?
Fatigue, weakness, dyspnea, pallor
What are these types of anemia:
- Microcytic
- Macrocytic
- Hypochromic
- Microcytic= RBCs are abnormally small
- Macrocytic= RBCs are abnormally large
- Hypochromic= RBCs are pale red
Macrocytic-Normochromatic anemia
- What does it cause?
- What is it caused by?
Characterize by defective DNA synthesis
Caused by vitamin B12/folate deficiencies
Macrocytic-Normochromatic Anemia
What is pernicious anemia?
Treatment (for all macro. anemia)?
- Lack of intrinsic factors that allow absorption of vitamin B12
- Parenteral (through needle) dose of vitamin B12
What is a Schillings test?
What is a positive/negative test
Uses radioactive B12 to determine if someone absorbs B12.
- Normal patient will have radioactive urine
- If not, will have B12 in feces
Folate deficiency anemia
What is it?
What are the treatments
Inadequate amounts of Folate (B9).
Daily oral dose of folate
Folate deficiency causes what to RBCs?
Macrocytic RBCs
Microcytic-Hypochromatic Anemia
What is it caused by?
- Iron deficiency
- Disorder to prophyrin/heme synthesis
- Disorder to globin synthesis
Iron deficiency anemia
What is it?
What can it be caused by?
Not enough Iron for RBCs to produce hemoglobin
Blood loss: body reuses iron, unless lost
What are the signs/symptoms of Iron deficiency anemia?
Glossitis (inflammation of tongue)
Cold sensitivity
Spoon Nails
Normocytic-normochromatic anemia
What is it?
What is a type of anemia that is example?
- RBCs normal in size; Insufficient in number
- Aplastic Anemia
Aplastic Anemia
What is it caused by (physiologically)?
- Bone marrow depression that caused reduction in hematopoietic cell lines (decrease in all Blood cells)
Aplastic Anemia
What are the causes?
Treatment?
- Radiation, chemical, toxins
- Bone marrow transfusions
Hemolytic anemia
What is it?
Accelerated destruction of RBCs
Hemolytic anemia
What are the 2 types?
Congenital
Defective RBCs (sickle cell anemia)
Acquired
Spleen traps/destroy RBCs (autoimmune)
What is Sickle cell anemia?
Misshaped RBCs that cannot efficiently carry oxygen.
What is polycythemia?
Overproduction of RBCs?
What are these terms:
- Leukocytosis
- Leukopenia
- Leukocytosis= WBC count higher than normal (caused by infection)
- Leukopenia= WBC count lower than normal
Infectious Mononucleosis
What is it?
What virus causes it?
Self-limiting infection of B cells transmitted through saliva
Caused by Epstein-Barr virus
Leukemia
What is it?
Uncontrolled proliferation of malignant leukocytes causing overcrowding in bone marrow
Leukemia; What are these terms:
- Pancytopenia
- Acute Leukemia
- Chronic Leukemia
- Pancytopenia= Decreased production of all normal blood cells
- Acute Leukemia= Presence of undifferentiated, immature blast cells
- Chronic Leukemia= Have mature blast cells, but do not function properly
What are these types of acute leukemia:
- Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
- Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
ALL:
Person has too many immature B cells (lymphoblasts)
AML:
Person has too many myeloblasts
What are these types of chronic leukemia:
- Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
- Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
CML:
Too many blood cells being made
CLL:
Commonly in older adults
Caused by a B cell disorder
What are the main differences (signs) of acute vs chronic leukemia?
Acute
- Progresses rapidly
- Common in children
Chronic
- Progresses slowly
- Common in adults/more in men
What are the signs of all leukemias?
Anemia (bleeding problems)
Increased infection
Weight loss
Lymphadenompathy
What is it?
Swollen lymph nodes
Palpable and tender
Lymphadenompathy
Local vs General
Local: Lesions near enlarged nodes
General: Presene of malignant/nonmalignant disease
What is this malignant lymphoma:
Hodgkin Lymphoma
It is curable?
Painless, enlarged lymph nodes with presence of Reed-Sternberg cells
Yes
If Hodgkin Lymphoma progresses, what can it cause?
What lymph nodes are usually the first to be affected?
Fever, night sweats
In neck (does not spread easily)
What is this malignant lymphoma:
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
What is it caused by?
Painless, swollen lymph nodes that spread, with no reed-sternberg cells
Usually caused by previous Viral disease
What are the treatments for non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
Bone marrow transplant
What is Burkitt Lymphoma?
What is it caused by?
Type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma :
Very fast growing tumor of Jaw
- Caused by Epstein-Barr virus
What is mutiple myeloma (MM)?
What is the indicator for it?
Malginant proliferation of plasma cells:
Creates malignant antibody; M-protein
- Becomes most prominent protein in blood
What are the main symptoms of Mutliple Myeloma?
- Hypercalcemia (breakdown of bones from overcrowding)
- Bone pain
- Renal failure
- Anemia
What are the proteins (Ig) that Multiple Myeloma plasma cells produce?
- M-proteins
- Bence Jones protein
Thrombocytopenia
What is it?
What are the causes?
Low circulating platelets (<150,000)
Causes:
Hyperspelinism (overactive spleen)
What are these disorders of platelets:
Petechiae
Purpura
Petechiae: Small bleeds (red dots) <3mm
Pupura: Reddish-purple bleeds >3mm
What are bruises also known as?
Ecchymosis
What are the jobs of Vitamin K?
What is it produced by?
Synthesis and regulation of procoagulant and anticoagulant factors (helps with clotting)
Produced by liver (liver disease can mess up clotting factors)
What is Disseminated Intavascular Coagulation?
Systemic body reaction that causes widespread coagulation (clotting) and Hemorrhaging
Caused by certain stimulus (Pregnancy)
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC), what are the signs?
Bleeding from IV line.
Systemic Cyanosis
