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Patho Exam 2 > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

1
Q
  • Where is hemoglobin located?
  • What important mineral is required for hemoglobin?
A
  • RBCs
  • Iron is needed for hemoglobin
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2
Q

What is the purpose of hemoglobin?

A

Allows RBCs to pick up oxygen from lungs and deliver it to body tissues.

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3
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

What stimulates it?

A

Creation of RBCs

Stimulated by erythropoietin (kidney hormone) that is secreted when blood oxygen is low.

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4
Q

What is Hematopoiesis?

A

Creation of ALL blood cells.

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5
Q

Anemia

  • What is it?
A

Reduction in total number of RBCs

or

Reduction in quality/quantity of hemoglobin

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6
Q

Anemia

What can cause it?

A
  • Impaired RBC production
  • Blood loss
  • RBC destruction
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7
Q

What is hypoxemia?

What is this an indicator for?

A

Reduced oxygen in arterial blood

Anemia

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8
Q

What are symptoms of anemia?

A

Fatigue, weakness, dyspnea, pallor

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9
Q

What are these types of anemia:

  • Microcytic
  • Macrocytic
  • Hypochromic
A
  • Microcytic= RBCs are abnormally small
  • Macrocytic= RBCs are abnormally large
  • Hypochromic= RBCs are pale red
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10
Q

Macrocytic-Normochromatic anemia

  • What does it cause?
  • What is it caused by?
A

Characterize by defective DNA synthesis

Caused by vitamin B12/folate deficiencies

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11
Q

Macrocytic-Normochromatic Anemia

What is pernicious anemia?

Treatment (for all macro. anemia)?

A
  • Lack of intrinsic factors that allow absorption of vitamin B12
  • Parenteral (through needle) dose of vitamin B12
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12
Q

What is a Schillings test?

What is a positive/negative test

A

Uses radioactive B12 to determine if someone absorbs B12.

  • Normal patient will have radioactive urine
  • If not, will have B12 in feces
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13
Q

Folate deficiency anemia

What is it?

What are the treatments

A

Inadequate amounts of Folate (B9).

Daily oral dose of folate

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14
Q

Folate deficiency causes what to RBCs?

A

Macrocytic RBCs

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15
Q

Microcytic-Hypochromatic Anemia

What is it caused by?

A
  • Iron deficiency
  • Disorder to prophyrin/heme synthesis
  • Disorder to globin synthesis
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16
Q

Iron deficiency anemia

What is it?

What can it be caused by?

A

Not enough Iron for RBCs to produce hemoglobin

Blood loss: body reuses iron, unless lost

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17
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of Iron deficiency anemia?

A

Glossitis (inflammation of tongue)

Cold sensitivity

Spoon Nails

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18
Q

Normocytic-normochromatic anemia

What is it?

What is a type of anemia that is example?

A
  • RBCs normal in size; Insufficient in number
  • Aplastic Anemia
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19
Q

Aplastic Anemia

What is it caused by (physiologically)?

A
  • Bone marrow depression that caused reduction in hematopoietic cell lines (decrease in all Blood cells)
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20
Q

Aplastic Anemia

What are the causes?

Treatment?

A
  • Radiation, chemical, toxins
  • Bone marrow transfusions
21
Q

Hemolytic anemia

What is it?

A

Accelerated destruction of RBCs

22
Q

Hemolytic anemia

What are the 2 types?

A

Congenital

Defective RBCs (sickle cell anemia)

Acquired

Spleen traps/destroy RBCs (autoimmune)

23
Q

What is Sickle cell anemia?

A

Misshaped RBCs that cannot efficiently carry oxygen.

24
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

Overproduction of RBCs?

25
Q

What are these terms:

  • Leukocytosis
  • Leukopenia
A
  • Leukocytosis= WBC count higher than normal (caused by infection)
  • Leukopenia= WBC count lower than normal
26
Q

Infectious Mononucleosis

What is it?

What virus causes it?

A

Self-limiting infection of B cells transmitted through saliva

Caused by Epstein-Barr virus

27
Q

Leukemia

What is it?

A

Uncontrolled proliferation of malignant leukocytes causing overcrowding in bone marrow

28
Q

Leukemia; What are these terms:

  • Pancytopenia
  • Acute Leukemia
  • Chronic Leukemia
A
  • Pancytopenia= Decreased production of all normal blood cells
  • Acute Leukemia= Presence of undifferentiated, immature blast cells
  • Chronic Leukemia= Have mature blast cells, but do not function properly
29
Q

What are these types of acute leukemia:

  • Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
  • Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
A

ALL:

Person has too many immature B cells (lymphoblasts)

AML:

Person has too many myeloblasts

30
Q

What are these types of chronic leukemia:

  • Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
  • Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
A

CML:

Too many blood cells being made

CLL:

Commonly in older adults

Caused by a B cell disorder

31
Q

What are the main differences (signs) of acute vs chronic leukemia?

A

Acute

  • Progresses rapidly
  • Common in children

Chronic

  • Progresses slowly
  • Common in adults/more in men
32
Q

What are the signs of all leukemias?

A

Anemia (bleeding problems)

Increased infection

Weight loss

33
Q

Lymphadenompathy

What is it?

A

Swollen lymph nodes

Palpable and tender

34
Q

Lymphadenompathy

Local vs General

A

Local: Lesions near enlarged nodes

General: Presene of malignant/nonmalignant disease

35
Q

What is this malignant lymphoma:

Hodgkin Lymphoma

It is curable?

A

Painless, enlarged lymph nodes with presence of Reed-Sternberg cells

Yes

36
Q

If Hodgkin Lymphoma progresses, what can it cause?

What lymph nodes are usually the first to be affected?

A

Fever, night sweats

In neck (does not spread easily)

37
Q

What is this malignant lymphoma:

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

What is it caused by?

A

Painless, swollen lymph nodes that spread, with no reed-sternberg cells

Usually caused by previous Viral disease

38
Q

What are the treatments for non-Hodgkin lymphoma?

A

Bone marrow transplant

39
Q

What is Burkitt Lymphoma?

What is it caused by?

A

Type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma :

Very fast growing tumor of Jaw

  • Caused by Epstein-Barr virus
40
Q

What is mutiple myeloma (MM)?

What is the indicator for it?

A

Malginant proliferation of plasma cells:

Creates malignant antibody; M-protein

  • Becomes most prominent protein in blood
41
Q

What are the main symptoms of Mutliple Myeloma?

A
  • Hypercalcemia (breakdown of bones from overcrowding)
  • Bone pain
  • Renal failure
  • Anemia
42
Q

What are the proteins (Ig) that Multiple Myeloma plasma cells produce?

A
  • M-proteins
  • Bence Jones protein
43
Q

Thrombocytopenia

What is it?

What are the causes?

A

Low circulating platelets (<150,000)

Causes:

Hyperspelinism (overactive spleen)

44
Q

What are these disorders of platelets:

Petechiae

Purpura

A

Petechiae: Small bleeds (red dots) <3mm

Pupura: Reddish-purple bleeds >3mm

45
Q

What are bruises also known as?

A

Ecchymosis

46
Q

What are the jobs of Vitamin K?

What is it produced by?

A

Synthesis and regulation of procoagulant and anticoagulant factors (helps with clotting)

Produced by liver (liver disease can mess up clotting factors)

47
Q

What is Disseminated Intavascular Coagulation?

A

Systemic body reaction that causes widespread coagulation (clotting) and Hemorrhaging

Caused by certain stimulus (Pregnancy)

48
Q

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC), what are the signs?

A

Bleeding from IV line.

Systemic Cyanosis

Patho Exam 2 (5 decks)

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