Renal

Question 1

Causes of acute renal failure?

Answer 1

• Pre renal
  
  • hypovolaemia
    
    • haemorrhage
    • dehydration
  • sepsis
  • liver failure
  • hepatorenal syndrome
  • renal artery obstruction
  • renal vein thrombosis
• Intrinsic
  
  • Tubular
    
    • ATN
      
      • myoglobin
      • haemoglobin
      • calcium
      • uric acid
  • Glomerular
    
    • Glomerulonephritis
      
      • IgA nephropathy
      • SLE
      • post-infectious
      • bacterial endocarditis
• Interstitial
  
  • Toxins
  • Drugs - aminoglycosides, NSAIDs, heavy metals, contrast dye
  • infiltration - lymphoma/leukaemia
  • vasculitis
  • malignant HTN
• Post renal
  
  • calculi
  • urethral stricture
  • bladder cancer
  • prostate- BPH/cancer
  • tumour compressing ureters
    *

Question 2

How to differentiate pre/renal/post renal failure by looking at UC?

Answer 2

• Pre-renal = ↑ratio
• Intrinsic renal failure = ↓ratio
• Post-renal = ↑ratio

Question 3

Staging of CKD + when to initiate dyalisis?

Answer 3

• Stage 1 GFR >90 ml/min
• Stage 2 GFR 60 – 89 ml/min
• Stage 3 GFR 30 – 59
• Stage 4 GFR 15 – 29
• Stage 5 GFR <15 - start dialysis

Question 5

Define nephrotic syndrome

Answer 5

∙ Proteinuria of ≥3.5 g/day
∙ Hypoalbuminaemia
∙ Oedema
∙ Hyperlipidaemia