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CLIX > Haematology > Flashcards

Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of anaemia

A

MICROCYTIC (MCV <80fL) - Thalassemia - ACD - IDA - Lead poisoning - Sideroblastic NORMOCYTIC (MCV 80-100fL) - haemorrhage - haemolysis - chronic renal failure - BM failure (infiltration/hypoplasia) - ACD MACROCYTIC (MCV >100fL) - hypothyroid - haemolysis - myelodysplasia - megaloblastic (B12/folate) - liver disease

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2
Q

How to differentiate ACD from IDA?

A

Iron studies !!!!

IDA

  • serum Fe ↓
  • transferrin ↑
  • TIBC ↑
  • saturation ↓
  • serum ferritin ↓↓↓

ACD

  • serum Fe ↓
  • transferrin ↓
  • TIBC ↓
  • saturation ↓
  • serum ferritin normal/↑
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3
Q

Reed stern-berg cells

A

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

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4
Q

Anisocytosis, pencil poikilocytes

A

IDA

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5
Q

↑ unconjugated bilirubin, ↑ LDH, ↑ reticuloctyes, low haptoglobin

A

Haemolysis

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6
Q

Old, calcium raised, renal impairment, anaemia, bone disease

A

Myeloma !!!

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7
Q

Increased blood volume, viscosity, splenomegaly

A

Polycythemia vera

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8
Q

Philadelphia Chromosome

A

CML

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9
Q

Auer rods

A

AML

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10
Q

CD10 phenotype

A

ALL

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11
Q

What is von Willebrands disease?

A
  • an inherited condition that results when the blood lacks functioning von Willebrand factor, a protein that helps the blood to clot and also carries another clotting protein, factor VIII. - It is usually milder than hemophilia and can affect both males and females
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12
Q

What is factor V Leiden?

A

INCREASED TENDENCY TO FORM CLOTS - Factor V Leiden is the name of a specific gene mutation that results in thrombophilia - People with factor V Leiden thrombophilia have a higher than average risk of developing a DVT - only about 10 percent of individuals with the factor V Leiden mutation ever develop abnormal clots.

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13
Q
A

Chronic kidney disease

  • Burr cells/echinocytes
  • ↓L-carnitine which is important for normal BM function = suppressed BM
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14
Q
A

Acanthocytes

  • seen in liver disease
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15
Q
A

Stomatocyte

  • often seen in alcohol induced liver disease
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16
Q
A

Target cells or codocytes

are red cells with central staining with precipitated haemoglobin seen in conditions with abnormal haemoglobin as well as cell membrane

  • Sickle cell disease
  • thalassaemia
  • iron deficiency anaemia
  • liver disease
17
Q

Signs + symptoms of subacute combined degeneration of the cord? How to avoid this when treating patients with megaloblastic anaemia?

A
  • dementia + peripheral neuropathy
  • lack of vibration sense
  • due to B 12 def - megaloblastic anaemia

Treatment

  • replenish B12 before giving folate
  • might only have a little bit of B12, so if you give folate the BM might use up the last bit of B12 and the patient could get this condition
18
Q

Conditions related to JAK2 mutation?

A
  • polycythemia vera
  • primary myelofibrosis
  • essential thrombocythemia
19
Q

Myelofibrosis

A
  • bone marrow is replaced by scar tissue (fibrosis)
  • because of the fibrosis, the bone marrow cannot produce enough normal blood cells
  • Pancytopenia with teardrop cells
  • Has the ability to turn into AML over time
20
Q
A

Shistocytes

  • RBC fragments
  • due to haemolysis
21
Q
A
22
Q
A

Howell-Jolly bodies - contain nuclear remnants

Causes are:

  • Post splenectomy
  • Leukaemia
  • Megaloblastic anaemia
  • Iron deficiency anaemia
23
Q
A
24
Q

Causes of high ESR

A
  • Multiple myeloma
  • Tuberculosis
  • Metastatic malignancy
  • Temporal arteritis
  • Polymyalgia rheumatica
25
Q

Factors that tend to increase/decrease ESR

A

Factors that tend to increase the ESR

  • Anaemia (especially macrocytic)
  • Advanced age
  • Pregnancy
  • ↑Fibrinogen level (acute phase response) – infection/inflammation/malignancy etc

Factors that tend to decrease the ESR:

  • Polycythaemia (lots of negative charges preventing rouleaux formation)
  • Leukocytosis (extreme)/hyperviscosity (both interfere with sedimentation of red cells)
  • Microcytosis (cell mass low so will sediment down the tube more slowly)
  • Red cell abnormalities e.g. spherocytes/acanthocytes
  • ↓Plasma proteins especially hypofibrinogenaemia and hypogammaglobulinaemia

CLIX (4 decks)

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