Renal Flashcards
1
Q
What cells produces renin?
A
JG cells
2
Q
What enzyme, present in the kidney, converts vitamin D to its active form?
A
1,25-dihydroxycholicalciferol
1 alpha hydroxylase
3
Q
What is the normal protein value of urine?
A
Zero
4
Q
Where is Erythropoietin produced?
A
Peritubular capillaries / vasa recta
5
Q
What is the normal glucose value of urine?
A
Zero
6
Q
Why is the usual daily urine output?
A
720-1440 mL
700-1400 mL
7
Q
Size of a normal adult RBC?
A
7.5 nanometer
8
Q
Weight of normal kidney
A
150g
9
Q
What is the embryologic origin of the nephron?
A
metanephric blastoma
10
Q
What is the embryologic origin of the collecting duct system?
A
Ureteric bud
11
Q
Chronic Kidney Diseases with NORMAL kidney size
A
TB of the kidney DM nephropathy SLE Amyloidosis Sarcoidosis HIV
12
Q
Vasa recta is also known as
A
Peritubular capillaries
13
Q
Effacement of podocytes
A
Minimal Change Disease
14
Q
What is the Countercurrent multipliers of the kidney?
A
Loop of Henle
15
Q
What is the Countercurrent exchangers of the kidney?
A
Vasa recta
Peritubular capillaries
16
Q
Amount of the filtrate formed by both kidneys together in unit time
A
Glomerular filtration rate
17
Q
normal value for GFR?
A
125 mL/min
180 L/day
18
Q
Oncotic pressure of kidneys is set by
A
Albumin
19
Q
What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults? (85% of the cases)
A
Primary membranous glomerulonephritis
20
Q
What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children 2-6 years of age?
A
Minimal Change Disease
or
Lipoid Nephrosis
21
Q
What is the most common type of glomerulonephritis worldwide?
A
IgA Nephropathy
or
Berger Disease
22
Q
What bladder muscle is responsible for urination?
A
Detrussor muscle
23
Q
What substance may be secreted in response to changes in BP by the JG cells of the afferent arteriole?
A
Renin
24
Q
What is the specific action of ADH in the kidney?
A
Causes insertion of AQUAPORIN or WATER CHANNELS on the DISTAL TUBULES
25
The clearance of __________ is used to estimate renal blood flow and renal plasma flow
PAH or Para-aminohippuric acid
26
The clearance of __________ is used to estimate GFR
Inulin
27
What is the renal threshold for glucose?
180mg/dl
28
What is the hormone that counteracts the effect of aldosterone and ADH?
ANP or Atrionatriuretic peptide from cardiac atrial muscle fibers
29
What is the active form of vitamin D?
1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol
30
What is the most common cause of End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)?
DM Nephropathy
31
What is the pathognomonic sign of DM Nephropathy?
Kimmelsteil Wilson lesions
32
What drug, used to treat Lupus nephritis, could also cause hemorrhagic cystitis?
Cyclophosphamide
33
What is the side effect of cyclophosphamide when used as treatment of lupus nephritis?
Hemorrhagic cystitis
34
What disease causes bilateral massive enlargement of kidneys due to multiple large cysts?
Acute polycystic kidney disease (APKD)
35
What is the classic triad of symptoms seen in renal cell carcinoma in adults?
Flank pain
Hematuria (painless)
Palpable mass
36
What causes kidney changes described as a diffused proliferative glomerulonephritis?
SLE
37
What are the classic signs of glomerular disease in children?
Young
| Puffy eyelids
38
What are the congenital diseases of the kidney?
Renal agenesis
Horseshoe kidney
Hypoplasia
Ectopic kidneys
39
In a child born with renal agenesis, what drug was given to the mother during the first trimester, that caused the disease?
ACE inhibitors
40
What kidney is fused congenitally?
Horseshoe kidney
41
What percent reduction of kidney function is needed for progression to end-stage renal failure?
30-50% reduction
42
Where is the prototypical exogenous pattern of acute proliferative GN seen?
Post infectious glomerulonephritis
43
Where is the prototypical endogenous pattern of acute proliferative GN seen?
SLE
44
What organism causes post strep GN?
GABHS
| Streptococcus pyogenes
45
What are the types of skin infection seen in post strep GN?
Types 1, 4, 12
46
Post strep GN is most commonly seen in what age group?
6-10 years old
47
Complications if GABHS infection are seen in
Rheumatic fever
| Glomerulonephritis
48
"Humps" "Bumps" "Lumps"
Poststreptococcal GN
49
Post strep infection, hematuria, protenuria, periorbital edema
Post streptococcal GN
50
What is the syndrome caused by Type 1 RPGN?
Goodpasteur Syndrome
51
What are the organs involved in Goodpasteurs Syndrome?
Lungs
| Kidney
52
Type of hypersensitivity reaction seen in Type 2 RPGN
Type 2 hypersensitivity
53
Type 2 RPGN is seen in what diseases?
SLE
| Henoch scholein purpura
54
Type 3 RPGN is seen in what diseases?
ANCA associated
| Wegener granulomatosis
55
Some cases of Type 3 RPGN is alao associated with..?
Systemic vasculitis
56
What is the most common cause of Nephrotic syndrome in adults?
DM
Amyloidosis
SLE
57
What is the earliest manifestation of nephrotic syndrome in adults?
Bipedal edema
58
What is the earliest manifestation if nephrotic syndrome in children?
Periorbital edema
59
What is the most common primary glomerular disease causing nephrotic syndrome in adults?
Membranous glomerulonephritis
60
What is the most common primary glomerular disease causing nephrotic syndrome in children?
Lipoid nephrosis or
| Minimal change disease
61
What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults?
Primary membranous GN (85%)
62
In membranous GN, protenuria is caused by __________
MAC C5b-C9
63
What are the electromicroscope findings of membranous GN?
Subepithelial deposits, spikes in silver stain
64
GN that does not respond to corticosteroids
Membranous GN
65
What kidney disease usually follows a respiratory infection or vaccination?
Minimal change disease or
| Lipoid nephrosis
66
What are the EM findings of Lipoid nephritis?
Foot process Effacement
67
What is the peak incidence of minimal change disease?
2-6 years old
68
What are the classic symptoms seen in Henoch Schnolein Purpura?
Purpuric skin lesions
Abdominal manifestations
Arthritis
Renal abnormalities
69
What is the most common type of vasculitis in children?
Henoch Scholein Purpura
70
What is the second most common type of vasculitis in children?
Kawasaki disease
71
What is the hallmark of Henoch scholein purpura?
Palpable purpura
72
What drugs are ischemic nephrotoxic?
Aminoglycosides
Amphotericin B
Contrast agents (contrast nephropathy)
73
What are the most abundant excreted CHON in the urine?
Tamm-Horsfall protein
74
It is an uromodulin used as a defense against UTI and inhibits Ca crystallization
Tamm-Horsfall protein
75
Bence Jones protenuria (immunoglobin lights chains)
Multiple Myeloma
76
What is the complication of acute pyelonephritis that could lead to septic shock?
Gram negative septicemia
77
Severe infections of pyelonephritis causes:
Renal papillary necrosis
Pyelonephritis
Perinephric abscess
78
What are the risk factors for pyelonephritis?
Frequent instrumentation
| DM
79
What are the special forms of pyelonephritis?
TB pyelonephritis
| Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
80
Caseous necrosis
| Swiss chease appearance
TB pyelonephritis
81
What organism causes xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis and is also associated with staghorn calculi?
Proteus sp
82
What antibiotic is notorious for causing tubulointerstitial nephrosis?
Methicillin!!
| immunologic
83
What kidney disease has a dramatic response to corticosteroid treatment?
Minimal change disease or
| Lipoid nephrosis
84
What kidney disease is seen in HIV and Heroin users?
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
| FSGS
85
What is the hallmark of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis?
Epithelial damage
86
"Double contour"
| "Tram-track appearance"
Membranoproliferative GN (MPGN)
87
"Double contour" and "Tram-track appearance" is caused by duplication of the GBM with...
Mesangial and
Monocyte interposition
MPGN
88
What is the most common type of GN worldwide?
IgA nephropathy
89
What drugs are notorious for causing Tubulointerstitial Nephritis, Analgesic Nephropathy?
Aspirin
Phenacetin
NSAIDs
90
Tubulointerstitial nephritis has an increased risk of developing...?
Transitional Papillary carcinoma of the renal pelvis
91
What is the most common type of RCC?
Clear Cell Carcinoma
92
What is the most common risk factor for RCC?
Smoking
93
Renal Cell Carcinoma is may also be associated with Bladder carcinoma which is caused by?
Schistosoma hematobium
94
What is the embryologic origin of Wilms Tumor or Nephroblastoma?
Metanephros
95
What is the most common cancer in children?
Leukemia
96
What is the most common cancer in children with primary nephro?
Wilms tumor
97
What is the most common tumor associated with Wilms tumor?
WAGR syndrome
98
WAGR syndrome stands for:
Wilms
Aniridia (iris has no color)
Genitourinary and Growth problems
Retardation (mental and growth)
99
What is the most common type of Lupus nephritis?
Class IV
| Diffuse Proliferative GN
