RENAL Flashcards
- diagnostic test for visualization of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder
- no special preparation
KUB
Uses iodine contrast to visualize the urinary tract; requires NPO 8-10 hours prior, bowel clearing, allergy screening, and monitoring for nephrotoxicity.
Intravenous Pyelography (IVP)
Functional unit responsible for filtration (glomerulus), reabsorption (Loop of Henle), and excretion (ducts).
nephrons
Causes: Bacterial invasion (E. coli), ascending infection.
Types:
Pyelonephritis (Kidney)
Ureteritis (Ureter)
Cystitis (Bladder)
Urethritis (Urethra)
Risk Factors: Shorter female urethra, proximity to anus, hygiene practices, pregnancy.
Clinical Signs: Fever, dysuria, hematuria, urgency.
Management: Antibiotics, increased fluid intake (2-4L), urine acidification (cranberry, prunes), proper hygiene.
Drugs: Sulfa Drugs (Sulfadiazine), Quinolones (Ciprofloxacin).
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI):
kiffy is maasim due to __
Doderlein bacilli
■ reliable test for kidneys
■ creatinine (for urine and blood test)
● Normal: 125 per min or > 90
○ GFR
Contraindications: Pelvic infection, perineal herniation, urethral stricture.
Sizes:
Female: 14-16 Fr
Male: 16-18 Fr
Procedure:
Female: Dorsal recumbent position
Male: Supine position
Lubrication, sterile technique, proper securing of the catheter.
Complications: UTI, urethral trauma.
Catheterization
● Lubricate it with sterile water based ● Insert it accordingly
○ M: > 8 inches ○ F: > 3 inches
● During insertion, act as if voiding and exhale (to relax sphincter and prevent damage)
● Hold the penis 90° against the body ● Secure the tape accordingly
○ F: inner thigh
○ M: inner thigh but pwede rin sa abdomen (no tension even if penis is erected)
● Secure the bag at the bed frame, not on side rails
● Use 5-10 cc of distilled water, depends on the manufacturer
Distilled water para
○ pag pumutok, safe in kidney problem
○ no precipitation
● Lubricate it with sterile water based ● Insert it accordingly
○ M: > 8 inches ○ F: > 3 inches
● During insertion, act as if voiding and exhale (to relax sphincter and prevent damage)
● Hold the penis 90° against the body ● Secure the tape accordingly
○ F: inner thigh
○ M: inner thigh but pwede rin sa abdomen (no tension even if penis is erected)
● Secure the bag at the bed frame, not on side rails
● Use 5-10 cc of distilled water, depends on the manufacturer
Distilled water para
○ pag pumutok, safe in kidney problem
○ no precipitation
Age-related prostate enlargement causing urinary retention.
Symptoms: Weak stream, nocturia, dribbling, incontinence, dysuria
- High pH of prostatic fluid
Treatment: Catheterization, TURP (Transurethral Resection of the Prostate), Continuous Bladder Irrigation (CBI/cystolyis).
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH):
presence of Renal Colic/Stone in urinary tract (KUBU)
Super saturation due to maraming sodium → stone formation and causes
a. obstruction
b. infection
Causes: High sodium intake, uric acid accumulation, immobility.
Symptoms: Severe flank pain, hematuria, nausea, vomiting.
Treatment: Increased fluid intake, dietary modifications, lithotripsy, surgical removal.
Drugs: Allopurinol (for uric acid stones), narcotic analgesics for pain.
● Percutaneous nephrostomy / percutaneous nephrostolithotomy (binutasan ang kidney, dinaan sa skin)
> Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy - non-invasive (dinudurog)
> Dissolve stones by shock wave
Nephrolithiasis/Urolithiasis (Kidney Stones):
Bacterial infection, treated with antibiotics (Penicillin, Doxycycline).
○ urine culture
○ asymptomatic in females and sometimes vaginal itching and urinary frequency
○ male = burning pain
n. Gonorrhea:
> Acute/chronic inflammation of kidneys leading to tubular destruction- Lead to
Renal Failure
> CVA pain, tenderness, flank pain
> Fever, anorexia, malaise
> Urinary frequency, urgency, Nocturia, dysuria, hematuria
> Burning upon urination
> Force fluid, acid ash diet, Urinary
Analgesic (Pyridium)
> CYSTITIS - inflammation of bladder or
UTI
PYELONEPHRITIS
● Virus - tissue culture
○ Type 1 in mouth
○ Type 2 in genitals
● Pain, vesicle, acyclovir, ⬆ cervical cancer
Herpes
● Treponema Pallidum = treponemal antibody (to know, have blood test) ???
● Chancre, fever and malaise, administer Penicillin, standard precaution
Syphilis
