HEMA Flashcards
suspect ___ if there’s an increase in plasma
Ca
Signs & Symptoms: Fatigue, pallor, weakness, shortness of breath, dizziness, brittle nails, and pica (craving non-food substances). Low HCT and HgB
Management: Iron supplementation, dietary intake of iron-rich foods (red meat, leafy greens, fortified cereals), and vitamin C to enhance iron absorption.
Diagnostic Tests: Complete Blood Count (CBC) with low hemoglobin and hematocrit, low serum ferritin, and low transferrin saturation.
Prevention: Balanced diet rich in iron, avoiding excessive intake of inhibitors such as tea and coffee.
IDA
Signs & Symptoms: Fatigue, glossitis (swollen tongue), irritability, diarrhea, and neural tube defects in pregnant women.
Disruptive vit B9 and B12
Management: Folic acid supplementation, consuming folate-rich foods (leafy greens, citrus fruits, legumes, fortified grains).
Diagnostic Tests: CBC showing macrocytic anemia, serum folate levels.
Prevention: Adequate folic acid intake, especially in pregnancy.
Folic Acid Deficiency Anemia (FADA)
Signs & Symptoms: Fatigue, beefy red tongue, numbness and tingling in extremities, memory loss, and impaired coordination.
Management: Vitamin B12 IM injections or oral supplementation, dietary intake of animal-based products, possible blood transfusion
Diagnostic Tests: CBC showing macrocytic anemia, serum B12 levels, Schilling test (24 hour urine specimen.
Prevention: B12-rich diet (eggs, meat, dairy), routine screening in at-risk populations.
Pernicious Anemia (Vitamin B12 Deficiency)
Signs & Symptoms: DIfferent RBC shape, Pain crises, delayed growth, frequent infections, stroke risk, joint swelling, dyspnea
Management: Hydration, pain management, hydroxyurea therapy, blood transfusions in severe cases, check capillary refill
Diagnostic Tests: Hemoglobin electrophoresis, sickle cell test, peripheral blood smear.
Prevention: Genetic counseling, early screening, infection prevention measures.
DO NOT BRING THE CHILD TO HIGH ALTITUDE PLACES
Sickle Cell Anemia
A rare blood disorder where the bone marrow produces excessive RBCs WBC, Platelet, leading to increased blood viscosity.
Signs & Symptoms: Headaches, dizziness, itching (especially after bathing), high blood pressure, blood clot risk.
Prone to: Thromboembolism, organ infiltration, Ruddy (reddish) complexion, hepatomegaly and cerebral hypoxia
Management: Phlebotomy (blood removal), low-dose aspirin, hydroxyurea, and adequate hydration.
Diagnostic Tests: CBC with increased RBC, JAK2 gene mutation testing.
Prevention: No known prevention, but lifestyle modifications can help reduce complications.
POLYCYTHEMIA VERA (Bone marrow hyperplasia)
Caused by viral infection
Signs & Symptoms: Easy bruising, petechiae, prolonged bleeding from cuts.
POSITION: Modified Trendelenburg
Management: Platelet transfusions, corticosteroids, treatment of underlying cause, Immunoglobulin
Diagnostic Tests: CBC with low platelet count, bone marrow biopsy if necessary.
Prevention: Avoidance of medications that lower platelet count (e.g., NSAIDs, alcohol restriction).
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)
Autosomal Dominant
Signs & Symptoms: Prolonged bleeding time, Spontaneous bruising, bleeding gums, heavy menstruation, epistaxis,
Management: FACTOR 8 replacement, Desmopression
Diagnostic Tests: CBC with low platelets, platelet antibody testing.
Prevention: No definitive prevention, genetic counseling recommended
Von Willebrand’s Disease
Signs & Symptoms: Fatigue, pallor, slow growth, SOB, bone deformities in severe cases, spleno/hepatomegaly
Management: Blood transfusions, iron chelation therapy, folic acid supplementation.
Diagnostic Tests: Hemoglobin electrophoresis, genetic testing.
Prevention: Genetic screening, prenatal testing.
DOC: DEFEROXAMINE
Thalassemia
Mother = Carrier
Deficiency of factor 8 and 9
Common in male but transmitted in Female
Diagnosed after circumcision
Signs & Symptoms: Prolonged bleeding, hemarthrosis (joint bleeding), easy bruising.
Management: Factor VIII or IX replacement therapy, desmopressin in mild cases, No contact sports,
Diagnostic Tests: Coagulation studies (pPTT, aPTT), factor assays.
Prevention: Genetic counseling, avoiding trauma.
Hemophilia
Lack of factor 9
Christmas Disease
