renal Flashcards
drug interaction: PPI
clopidogrel
drug interaction: theophylline
macrolide antibiotics
drug interaction: macrolide antibiotics
statins +thoephylline
drug interaction: statins
macrolide antibiotics + fibrates
drug interaction: tricyclic antidepressants
type 1 anti-arrhythmic drugs - sodium channel blockers (quinidine, disopyramide,)
drug interaction: ACEi
sulfonylurea
whats the most common area for cancer to develop on the prostate?
Peripheral zone
whats the most common area for benign prostatic hyperplasia to develop on the prostate
Transition zone
partly cystic, heterogenous surface, bright yellow like Homer Simpson
Clear cell carcinoma
mahogany brown with a central stellate scar. benign, rich in mitochondria, stains pink
oncocytoma
lymphatic drainage of the testes
Para-aortic lymph nodes
ADPKD- chromosome?
chromosome 16
ARPKD -chromosome?
chromosome 6
UTI antibiotics? not pregnant?
TRIMETHOPRIN or NITROFURANTION 3days
UTI antibiotic pregnant in 1st and 2nd trimester
Nitrofurantoin
UTI antibiotic 3rd trimester pregnant?
Trimethoprim
Bleeding during the start of urination
prostate or urethra
Bleeding during the end of urination
bladder neck
Bleeding during the whole time of urination
kidney, ureter or bladder
BPH treatment
alpha-1 antagonists e.g. tamsulosin, alfuzosin
how long do 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors e.g. finasteride take to work?
6 months
mixture of storage symptoms and voiding symptoms in BPH
Apha-blocker alone, then an antimuscarinic (anticholinergic)
BPH treatment if patient has a significantly enlarged prostate and is considered to be at high risk of progression
5 alpha-reductase inhibitors e.g. finasteride
pathology of prostate cancer?
adenocarcinoma
prostate cancer investigation?
MRI- first line!
which has a better prognosis, seminomas or teratomas?
seminomas
what type of tescicular tumour may cause gynecomastia
leydig cell tumours
which is sensitve to radiation smeinomas or non seminomas?
seminomas
what do leydig cells do?
synthesise and secrete testosterone
what do Sertoli cells do?
spermatogenisis, inhibit secretion-turns off GnRH, LH, FSH- decreses testosterone
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) indicates what type of testicular cancer
non-seminoma cancers- Tetromas
Beta HCG
raised in both non-seminomas and some seminoma
Hcg
seminomas
elevated both AFP and β-hCG
non- seminomatous germ cell tumour eg. teratoma
where does fluid accumulate in hydrocele?
tunica vaginalis
painless enarged tescicular lump cant be transluminated
tescticular cancer or varicocele
bag of worms
varicocele
negative pren sign + no cremasteric reflex
testicular torsion
Postive pren sign + intact cremasteric reflex
epididymis (epididymoorchitis)
tram track depositions
membranoproliferative glomerularnephritis
spike and dome appearance
membranous glomerulonephritis
nephrotic syndrome associated with malignancy?
membranous glomerulonephritis
effacement of foot processes
minimal change disease
what type of collagen is affected in the anti-glomerular basement membrane (goodpastures disease)
type IV
linear IGA deposits
goodpastures
how does Calcium resonium work?
increases potassium excretion by preventing enteral absorption
what does calcium gluconate do?
Stabilisation of the cardiac membrane. Calcium gluconate dissociates into calcium ions and gluconate ions in the bloodstream
what do insulin/dextrose infusions do for hyperkalaemia?
short-term shift in potassium from ECF to ICF
Insulin stimulates the sodium-potassium ATPase pump, which facilitates the movement of potassium from the extracellular fluid (blood) into the intracellular fluid (cells). Dextrose (glucose) is co-administered with insulin to prevent hypoglycemia, a potential side effect of insulin administration
what do salbutamol nebulisers do in hyperkalaemia?
It shifts potassium from the extracellular to the intracellular compartment
mechanism of loop diuretics
increase urine output by inhibiting sodium and chloride reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
Trousseau’s sign positive
hypocalcaemia
