renal

Question 1

renin angiotensin aldosterone system

Answer 1

1) low BP => kidney secrete renin => angiotensinogen from liver => angiotensin I (with ACE in lungs) => angiotensin II => raise BP
2) increase sympathetic activity
- increase HR
3) cause tubular Na and Cl reabsorption from renal tubules
- keeps water in blood
4) aldosterone in adrenal cortex increase water retention
5) vasoconstriction of BV
6) pituitary gland secrete more antidiuretic hormone

Question 2

angiotensin receptor blockers

Answer 2

1) one of the newer classes

Question 3

two conditions that lead to hypertension

Answer 3

1) vasoconstriction with increase peripheral resistance
2) increase CO
3) dependent on sodium concentrations
4) systolic pressure varies during exertion and anxiety

Question 4

essential hypertension

Answer 4

1) indolent, progressive over time
2) can be corrected
3) lifestyle, stress, smoking, salt consumption
4) reduced renal sodium excretion
5) vasoconstriction with atheromatous plaques

Question 5

secondary

Answer 5

1) due to renal disease and narrowing renal arteries
2) or adrenal tumor

Question 6

lowering blood pressure

Answer 6

1) prostaglandins and nitric oxide
2) counter the vasopressor angiotensin

Question 7

vascular and renovascular changes that accompany essential hypertension

Answer 7

1) sustained vasoconstriction as a result of high stress levels with release of epi, norepi, enothelin

Question 8

two causes of extra renal secondary hypertension

Answer 8

1) adrenocortico adenoma
- massive amounts of steroid hormones, aldosterone
2) aldosteronomas
- aldosterone exclusively

sodium and fluid retention with hyper volumemia cause hypertension

Question 9

secondary hypertension

Answer 9

1) secondary to renal disease or disease of renal blood supply
2) renin angiotensin system
3) atherosclerosis and fibromuscular hyperplasia can produce ischemia with elevated renin
–
1) glomerulonephritis, chronic renal disease, renal vasculitis, and renin producing tumors

Question 10

blood pressure becomes elevated in three forms of adrenogenic hypertension

Answer 10

1) adrenal cortical adenomas and adrenal aldosteronomas
- increase in mineralocorticoids and sodium retention
2) pheochromocytomas in adrenal medulla
- increase in catecholamines

Question 11

unique form of hypertension with aortic coarctation

Answer 11

1) constriction in aortic arch distal to major vessels that supply the head, neck, and arms, causes backup pressure

Question 12

malignant hypertension

Answer 12

1) preexisting essential or secondary hypertension OR autoimmune disease with antigen antibody causing vasculitis, resulting in fibrin deposition in the intima and luma
2) narrows arterioles, causing release of renin
3) rapidly elevated high blood pressure

Question 13

list consequences of malignant hypertension on the kidneys, retina, heart, and brain

Answer 13

1) atherosclerosis can result in MI of the heart
2) hypervolumia can result in congestive heart failure
3) ischemia in renal can cause hematoma
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