Neoplasia Flashcards

Question

rate of growth

Answer 1

1) benign - slow 2) malignant - faster - correlated with level of differentiation, if it is poorly diff. it is faster 3) cancers take years to evolve 4) rapidly growing tumors may contain areas of ischemic necrosis - need blood supply, so if it outgrows it

Answer 2

1) benign is typically localized with capsule 2) but if there is pleomorphic with no room, it will look slightly invasive 3) cancers grow by progressive infiltration

Answer 3

most common tumor of the breast - likely benign - fibrous component and ductal structures

Answer 4

1) extensions because it invades and can get into blood vessel

Answer 5

1) neoplasm will be MALIGNANT 2) not all cancers have same ability to metastasize - the more anaplastic, the more potential 3) 30% with solid tumors will metastasize

Answer 6

1) seeding - seeding into cavity 2) lymphatic spread - carcinomas tend to do this 3) hematogenous spread - favored by sarcomas - liver and lungs

Answer 7

1) benign is well differentiated and slow, well demarcated 2) malignant is anaplastic, erratic growth, locally invasive, often metastasize

Answer 8

1) dietary fat and fiber in africa and western societies 2) preneoplastic diseases 3) cigarette smoking and lung cancer

Answer 9

1) men with lung cancer is coming down - stopped smoking 2) breast cancer is rising

Answer 10

1) predisposition to a few uncommon cancers - childhood retinoblastoma - colon, ovary, prostate, uterus, and sometimes melanoma cancer - xeroderma pigmentosum (sunburn damage) - adenomatous polyposis coli (familial)

Answer 11

1) in the setting of these disorders, more tumors - persistent regenerative cell replication - hyperplastic and dysplastic proliferation - chronic atrophic gastritis - leukoplakia - villous adenoma of the color

Answer 12

1) nonlethal genetic damage lies at the heart of cancer - 4 genes a) growth promoting proto-oncogenes b) growth inhibiting cancer suppressor genes c) genes that regulate apoptosis d) genes involved in DNA repair

Answer 13

1) failure of DNA repair 2) mutations in genes can then activate growth promoting oncogenes or alteration of genes that suppress cancer 3) malignant cell can become clonal and acquire mutations *p53 is the guardian of the genome (DNA damage repair and halts cell cycle)

Answer 14

1) discovered through transforming animal retroviruses 2) 2 points - normally, they promote cell proliferation - mutations promote UNCONTROLLED proliferation 3) DNA of spontaneously arising cancers contain these

Answer 15

1) mutations can make them oncogenic 2) PDGF necessary, but it can make tumors 2) ras over expression of GF genes - TGF-alpha which bind to GF receptor to promote growth

Answer 16

1) mutations can mean overexpression of continuous signals 2) EGR receptor family - c-erb B-1 / B-2 (her-2-neu is seen in 15-20% of breast cancer) - targets for new treatments

Answer 17

1) 30% of all tumors contain mutated ras - which tell nucleus to keep replicated 2) activated downstream kinases that flood signals to continue replication 3) lives on chromosome 9 - normal - translocation to chromosome 22 is bad

Answer 18

1) mutations also keeps signaling just like ras

Answer 19

1) causes cell cycle progression 2) active in nucleus - binds to DNA causing transcriptional activation of growth genes - overexpression contributes to overproliferation 3) part of chromosome 8 - translates to chromosome 14 which is BAD

Answer 20

1) mutations cuause inappropriate production of growth promoting protein a) point mutation - ras oncogene and seen in many tumors b) chromosomal translocations c) gene amplification

Answer 21

1) potent tyrosine kinase => proliferation

Answer 22

1) can be amplified in neuroblastoma

Answer 23

1) apply brakes to cell-proliferation 2) retinoblastoma - gene that prevents DNA synthesis by binding to TFs - on chromosome 13 - if it is inactivated (cyclin phosphorylation) will cause tumor to form - mutant must occur on both alleles

Answer 24

1) cancer suppressor gene that inhibits cell cycle when DNA is damaged by chemicals or radiation 2) if no repair possible, APOPTOSIS 3) homozygous loss of P53 for malignant transformation - seen in almost every types of cancer 4) mutation reduces efficacy of anti-cancer therapy

Answer 25

1) prototypic anti apoptosis gene - mutation t(18;14) - seen in 80% of B cell lymphomas

Answer 26

1) opposes bcl-2 and accelerated cell death - transcription is influenced by p53 (upregulated)

Answer 27

1) mutations predispose to breast cancer

Answer 28

1) UV light causes DNA damage and prevent normal replication

Answer 29

1) no single oncogene can transform cells 2) several must be activated 3) loss of 2 or more cancer suppressor genes are necessary for cancer to form

Answer 30

1) normal epithelium is hyperproliferative - loss of APC locus - loss of DNA methylation 2) early adenoma => intermediate => late - loss of tumor supressor, loss of p53 3) carcinoma

Answer 31

1) tumors cannot enlarge beyond 1-2 mm without vessels - cannot metastasize without this 2) tumor cells secrete basic fibroblast GF and vascular endothelial GF cause vessel to grow

Answer 32

1) more aggressive over time

Answer 33

1) migration to vessel 2) tumor embolus 3) extravasion at different site 4) make new blood supply for them

Answer 34

1) chemical carcinomas 2) radiation 3) viral

Answer 35

1) highly reactive electrophiles and can be augmented by promoters 2) can act in concert with other carcinogens 3) direct - weak 4) indirect - metabolic conversion required

Answer 36

1) chromosomal breakage, translocation, point mutation 2) latent period is long, which can accumulate additional mutations - UV - x-rays - nuclear fusion

Answer 37

1) means of clinical diagnosis and curative mode of therapy for some tumors - mutagen and destroyer of cells 2) electromagnetic or high energy neutrons and charged particles 3) both forms displace electrons 4) DNA (direct and indirect damage), cell membranes

Answer 38

1) if cell is remained in the intermitotic phase 2) depends on repair and effect of oxygen 3) effect of radiation is cumulative

Answer 39

1) formation of pyrimidine dimers

Answer 40

chromatin clumping

Answer 41

mitochrondria and cell swelling

Answer 42

1) short range DNA damage 2) certain US region with uranium in the soil

Answer 43

1) 50-100 rads can cause nausea 2) 700 rads can cause death

Answer 44

1) can get into DNA 2) RNA oncogenic viruses - human T-cell leukemia virus 3) DNA oncogenic - HPV - epstein barr - hepatitis B

Answer 45

1 )EBV get on lymphocytes and proliferate 2) translocation mutations from getting into the DNA

Answer 46

1) tumor treatment 2) immunohistochemistry is used to classify neoplasms 3) S-100 is on all neuroectodermally derived - LCA on leukocytes - cytokeratins -PSA - actin

Answer 47

1) location is very improtant 2) hormone production in endocrine tumores 3) cachexia - metabolic rate is increased despite decreased food intake 4) paraneoplastic syndromes - hypercalcemia - cushings

Answer 48

1) grade I - differentiated 2) grade 4 - undifferentiated, spreading rapidly

Answer 49

1) T1 - T4 (tumor size and expansion) 2) N1-N3 (cancer in lymph nodes) 3) M0-M1 (metastasis)

Answer 50

1) tissue diagnosis of any mass is necessary before therapy is implemented 2) biopsy 3) fine needle aspiration 4) cytologic smears