cardiovascular disease

Question 1

leading cause of death in US

Answer 1

1) heart disease
2) peripheral resistance: smoking, obesity, diet

Question 2

heart failure

Answer 2

1) valve stenosis
2) increased peripheral resistance
3) pericardial compression
4) myocardial infarction

Question 3

compensation

Answer 3

1) CO = [EDV-ESV] x HR
CO = SV x HR

Question 4

heavy wet lungs

Answer 4

1) pulmonary congestion due to left sided heart failure
- dyspnea
- orthopnea
- paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

Question 5

heart gave up on left side

Answer 5

1) increased pulmonary venous pressure
2) pulmonary congestion (edema)
- should be placed upright during dental treatment to decrease fluid collection

Question 6

right sided heart failure

Answer 6

1) lower extremity edema
2) left causes right most often times
3) acromegaly, renal failure, ankles swelling, putting edema

Question 7

congenital heart defects

Answer 7

1) ductus arteriosus
2) foramen ovale
–
1) acyanotic shunting
- anything stays open
- oxygenated blood pushed back into pulmonary circulation (left to right due to pressure)
2) cyanotic shunts
- pulmonary stenosis

Question 8

pulmonary stenosis

Answer 8

1) narrow pulmonary valve
2) too much fluid in right ventricle leads to compensation and hypertrophy in R
- allows fluid to be pushed through ventricular septal defect
- RIGHT TO LEFT SHUNT
3) deoxygenated blood to aorta
4) clubbing of fingers due to osteoclasts
5) increase RBC and infective endocarditis
- platelets and thrombus and go into systemic

Question 9

cyanotic symptoms

Answer 9

1) clubbing of fingers
2) increase in RBC
3) endocarditis

Question 10

Coarctation of aorta

Answer 10

1) when the ligamentum arterosum doesnt form
2 )cyanosis into lower thirds of body
3) descending aorta carries deoxygenated blood in children (with PDA)
4) without PDA
- backup of fluid in aorta, pulmonary edema results
- caused by smoking

Question 11

vascular occlusive disease

Answer 11

1) atherosclerosis

Question 12

artery wall structure

Answer 12

1)tunica intima, media, externa

Question 13

response to injury hypothesis

Answer 13

1) fibrous cap
2) necrotic center
3) media
—
Clotting cascade: atheroma, fibroatheroma, complicated lesion

Question 14

necrotic core

Answer 14

1) initiates clotting cascade

Question 15

cell death

Answer 15

1) apoptosis
2) necrosis

Question 16

troponin increase

Answer 16

1) myocardial infarction
- left anterior descending artery (widowmaker) can be occluded by embolus
- oxygen to left ventricle
2) complication
- rupture
- papillary muscle rupture - valve insufficiency
- ventricular aneurysm
- mural thrombus emboli

Question 17

clots

Answer 17

1) platelets, fibrin, WBCs
2) saddle embolus
- branches off on the pulmonary artery

Question 18

acute rheumatic fever

Answer 18

1) streptococcus (GAS)
2) group a hemolytic
- carbohydrate composition of cell wall
3) thought to be immune mediated systemic condition
- Abs attack microbe and other body tissues
4) history of this infection and systemic condition
5) damages the valve
- verrucae

Question 19

prophylaxis of patients

Answer 19

1) antibiotic prophylaxis prior to procedures

Question 20

heart sits in pericardium

Answer 20

1) fluid can start to build up in the potential space
2) compress the heart
3) cardiac tamponade

Question 21

Eisenmenger syndrome

Answer 21

1) increase in peripheral resistance
- left to right shunt turns into right to left shunt
2) right ventricular hypertrophy occurs
3) cyanotic symptoms

Question 22

Arrhythmias

Answer 22

1) complete heart block
- no signal atrium to ventricle
2) sinus tachycardia
3) ventricular fibrillation

Can lead to suddenly cardiac artest

Question 23

Aneurysm

Answer 23

1) descending aorta aneurysm
2) can dissect and be caused by plaque, syphylis

Question 24

Acute rheumatic fever

Answer 24

1) systemic inflammatory condition
2) group a streptococcus
- hemolysis of RBC
3) rheumatic heart disease
- Abs attack microbe and it mistakenly attacks heart

Question 25

Infective endocarditis

Answer 25

1) colonizing joints, valves
2) risk due to valve replacement, history of rheumatic fever