cardiovascular disease Flashcards
leading cause of death in US
1) heart disease
2) peripheral resistance: smoking, obesity, diet
heart failure
1) valve stenosis
2) increased peripheral resistance
3) pericardial compression
4) myocardial infarction
compensation
1) CO = [EDV-ESV] x HR
CO = SV x HR
heavy wet lungs
1) pulmonary congestion due to left sided heart failure
- dyspnea
- orthopnea
- paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
heart gave up on left side
1) increased pulmonary venous pressure
2) pulmonary congestion (edema)
- should be placed upright during dental treatment to decrease fluid collection
right sided heart failure
1) lower extremity edema
2) left causes right most often times
3) acromegaly, renal failure, ankles swelling, putting edema
congenital heart defects
1) ductus arteriosus
2) foramen ovale
–
1) acyanotic shunting
- anything stays open
- oxygenated blood pushed back into pulmonary circulation (left to right due to pressure)
2) cyanotic shunts
- pulmonary stenosis
pulmonary stenosis
1) narrow pulmonary valve
2) too much fluid in right ventricle leads to compensation and hypertrophy in R
- allows fluid to be pushed through ventricular septal defect
- RIGHT TO LEFT SHUNT
3) deoxygenated blood to aorta
4) clubbing of fingers due to osteoclasts
5) increase RBC and infective endocarditis
- platelets and thrombus and go into systemic
cyanotic symptoms
1) clubbing of fingers
2) increase in RBC
3) endocarditis
Coarctation of aorta
1) when the ligamentum arterosum doesnt form
2 )cyanosis into lower thirds of body
3) descending aorta carries deoxygenated blood in children (with PDA)
4) without PDA
- backup of fluid in aorta, pulmonary edema results
- caused by smoking
vascular occlusive disease
1) atherosclerosis
artery wall structure
1)tunica intima, media, externa
response to injury hypothesis
1) fibrous cap
2) necrotic center
3) media
—
Clotting cascade: atheroma, fibroatheroma, complicated lesion
necrotic core
1) initiates clotting cascade
cell death
1) apoptosis
2) necrosis
troponin increase
1) myocardial infarction
- left anterior descending artery (widowmaker) can be occluded by embolus
- oxygen to left ventricle
2) complication
- rupture
- papillary muscle rupture - valve insufficiency
- ventricular aneurysm
- mural thrombus emboli
clots
1) platelets, fibrin, WBCs
2) saddle embolus
- branches off on the pulmonary artery
acute rheumatic fever
1) streptococcus (GAS)
2) group a hemolytic
- carbohydrate composition of cell wall
3) thought to be immune mediated systemic condition
- Abs attack microbe and other body tissues
4) history of this infection and systemic condition
5) damages the valve
- verrucae
prophylaxis of patients
1) antibiotic prophylaxis prior to procedures
heart sits in pericardium
1) fluid can start to build up in the potential space
2) compress the heart
3) cardiac tamponade
Eisenmenger syndrome
1) increase in peripheral resistance
- left to right shunt turns into right to left shunt
2) right ventricular hypertrophy occurs
3) cyanotic symptoms
Arrhythmias
1) complete heart block
- no signal atrium to ventricle
2) sinus tachycardia
3) ventricular fibrillation
Can lead to suddenly cardiac artest
Aneurysm
1) descending aorta aneurysm
2) can dissect and be caused by plaque, syphylis
Acute rheumatic fever
1) systemic inflammatory condition
2) group a streptococcus
- hemolysis of RBC
3) rheumatic heart disease
- Abs attack microbe and it mistakenly attacks heart
Infective endocarditis
1) colonizing joints, valves
2) risk due to valve replacement, history of rheumatic fever
