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Nursing School > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

nephron

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2
Q

Function of kidney

A

filter blood of toxins/wastes and reabsorb needed molecules

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3
Q

What are the vascular components of the kidney?

A

glomerulus and peritubular capillaries

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4
Q

What are the tubular component of the kidney?

A

proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting tubule

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5
Q

What maintains the concentration gradient?

A

Na+/K+ ATPase

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6
Q

Symport

A

2 molecules move across a membrane by carrier

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7
Q

Antiport

A

2 different molecules move across membrane by common carrier

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8
Q

Exchange

A

change places of molecules

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9
Q

What is urea

A

formed in liver as byproduct of protein

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10
Q

Elimination function of kidneys

A

renal clearance, regulation of sodium and electrolytes, uric acid elimination, urea elimination, drug elimination, pH dependent elimination of organic ions

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11
Q

Prerenal

A

related to perfusion (volume), related to heart failure

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12
Q

Postrenal

A

obstruction of urine flow

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13
Q

Function on nephron

A

reabsorption of water, electrolytes, and other substances from the bloodstream

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14
Q

RAAS system role

A

regulation of blood pressure and fluid electrolyte balance

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15
Q

Juxtaglomerular complex role

A

feedback system linking GFR with renal blood flow

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16
Q

Erythropoietin function

A

regulates the differentiation of red blood cells in bone marrow, stimulates RBC formation

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17
Q

Vitamin D function

A

increases calcium reabsorption from the gastrointestinal system, helps regulate calcium deposition in bone

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18
Q

Loop diuretics

A

exert their effect in the thick ascending loop of Henle (might give to someone with edema, heart failure, hypertension)

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19
Q

Thiazide diuretics

A

prevent the reabsorption of NaCl in the distal convoluted tubule (can be used for high BP)

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20
Q

Aldosterone Antagonists (K+ sparing diuretics)

A

reduce sodium reabsorption and increase potassium secretion in the late distal tubule and cortical collecting tubule site regulated by aldosterone (can treat high BP and heart failure)

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21
Q

Characteristics of normal urine

A

clear, yellow fluid, 95% water and 5% dissolved solids, normally produce 1.5 L of urine each day, contains metabolic waste and few to no plasma proteins, blood cells, or glucose molecules

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22
Q

Urine specific gravity tells what

A

provides valuable index of hydration status and functional ability of the kidneys; healthy kidneys have specific gravity of 1.030-1.040

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23
Q

Renal clearance

A

volume of plasma that is completely cleared each minute of any substance that finds its way into the urine

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24
Q

Determining factors of renal clearance

A

ability of substance to be filtered in glomeruli, capacity of the renal tubules to reabsorb or secrete the substance

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25
Q

Tests for renal function

A

urinalysis, GFR, blood tests (serum creatinine, BUN), cystoscopy, ultrasound, radiologic images

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26
Q

What does increase in BUN and serum creatinine say about a person

A

increase in BUN and serum creatinine indicate renal failure

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27
Q

Where is EPO (erythropoietin) produced?

A

kidney

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28
Q

What factors affect GFR

A

glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure, glomerular capillary osmotic pressure, hydrostatic and osmotic pressure in Bowman capsule

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29
Q

what do serum creatinine levels indicate?

A

calculating GFR and estimating functional capacity of kidneys

30
Q

If serum creatinine doubles what does that say about GFR and renal function?

A

fallen 1/2 normal state

31
Q

If serum creatinine triples what does that say about GFR and renal function?

A

75% loss of renal function

32
Q

If serum creatinine >10 mg/dL or more what does that say about GFR and renal function?

A

90% renal function loss

33
Q

What is the most common defect of kidney?

A

anomalies in shape and position

34
Q

agenesis of kidney

A

kidney doesn’t develop

35
Q

Hypogenesis of kidney

A

underdeveloped kidney

36
Q

UTI can cause intra, post, or prerenal injury?

A

Intrarenal injury

37
Q

Potter syndrome

A

no kidneys or kidneys that don’t work

38
Q

Cystic disease of the kidney

A

fluid filled sacs or segments of a dilated nephron

39
Q

Causes of cystic disease of kidney

A

tubular obstructions that increase intratubular pressure or changes in basement membrane of renal tubules that predispose to cystic dilation

40
Q

Types of cystic disease of kidney

A

simple and acquired renal cysts, medullary cystic disease, polycystic kidney disease

41
Q

Causes of UTI

A

kidney stones, developmental defects, pregnancy, prostatic hyperplasia, scar tissue, tumors, neurologic disorders (spinal cord injury), stasis of urine

42
Q

Kidney stones

A

crystalline structures that form from components of the urine

43
Q

What is required for a kidney stone to form

A

a nidus (nest), urinary environment that supports continued crystallization of stone components

44
Q

Preventative treatments for kidney stones

A

dietary restriction, calcium salt supplementation, thiazide diuretics, cellulose phosphate

45
Q

Types of UTI

A

asymptomatic bacteriuria, symptomatic infections, lower UTI (cystitis), upper UTI (pyelonephritis)

46
Q

Causes of UTI

A

most are caused by escherichia coli,staphylococcus saphrophyticus, gram negative rods, gram positive cocci

47
Q

Protective mechanisms for UTI

A

washout phenomenon, mucin layer, local immune responses, normal flora in women, prostate secretions in men

48
Q

What condition doesn’t lead to stone formation?

A

high Na+ concentration

49
Q

Glomerulonephritis is

A

inflammation of glomeruli

50
Q

Immune mechanisms for glomerulonephritis

A

glomerular antibodies, circulating antigen-antibody complex

51
Q

Characteristics of glomerularnephritis

A

hematuria (blood in urine), low GFR, azotemia (nitrogenous waste in blood), oliguria (barely pee), hypertension

52
Q

causes of glomerulonephritis

A

damage to capillary wall, permits RBC to escape into urine, produces hemodynamic changes that decrease GFR

53
Q

Renal neoplasms (cancer) in children

A

Wilms tumor, onset at 3-5 yrs, in one or both kidneys, WT1 mutation on chromosome 11

54
Q

Adult kidney cancer

A

renal cell carcinoma

55
Q

renal failure

A

condition in which kidneys fail to remove metabolic end products from the blood and regulate fluid, electrolyte, and pH balance of extracellular fluids

56
Q

Acute renal failure

A

abrupt in onset, often reversible

57
Q

chronic renal failure

A

irreversible damage, develops slowly

58
Q

Prerenal causes of acute renal failure

A

hypovolemia, decreased vascular filling, heart failure, decreased renal perfusion

Think about it as a perfusion issue (volume) and heart failure

59
Q

Postrenal causes of acute renal failure

A

bilateral ureteral obstruction, bladder outlet obstruction

60
Q

intrarenal causes of acute renal failure

A

acute tubular necrosis, exposure to nephrotoxic drugs, intratubular obstruction, acute renal disease, UTI

61
Q

Phases of acute tubular necrosis

A

onset/initiating phase: time from onset of precipitating event until tubular injury occurs

Maintenance phase: decrease in GFR

Recovery phase: repair of renal tissue takes place

62
Q

common causes of chronic renal disease

A

hypertension, diabetes mellitus, polycystic kidney disease, obstruction of urinary tract, glomerulonephritis, cancer, autoimmune disorder, disease of lung or heart, chronic use of pain medication

63
Q

what number would represent a mild reduction of GFR

A

60-89 ml/min

64
Q

what number would represent a moderate reduction of GFR

A

30-59 ml/min

65
Q

what number would represent a severe reduction of GFR

A

15-29 ml/min

66
Q

what number would represent a kidney failure with a GFR

A

<15 ml/min

67
Q

What is gaut

A

buildup of uric acid

68
Q

Hematologic disorders of renal failure

A

anemia (low EPO) and coagulopathies (clotting disorders)

69
Q

cardiovascular disorders of renal failure

A

hypertension, heart disease, pericarditis

70
Q

treatment of renal failure

A

dialysis (hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis), transplant, dietary management

71
Q

what can affect drug efficacy in a patient with CKD

A

loss of albumin

Nursing School (9 decks)

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