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Nursing School > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

Function of immune system

A

Body’s defense against
1. pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites)
2. environmental pathogens (poison ivy)
3. toxins
4. abnormal body cells (cancer)

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2
Q

Immunity is…

A

The ability to resist infection and disease

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3
Q

What is innate (nonspecific) defenses

A

Immediate response to harmful agents that doesn’t require a previous exposure to a foreign substance

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4
Q

What responds first in innate defenses?

A

Skin, mucus membranes, inflammation, GI system, cellular response

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5
Q

True or False? We are born with innate defenses

A

True

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6
Q

What role do adaptive (specific) defenses play?

A

Identifies, attacks, reinforces, and amplifies immunity to a SPECIFIC pathogen

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7
Q

What is a major player in the adaptive immune defense?

A

Lymphocytes

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8
Q

True or False? adaptive immune defenses develop with time and exposure

A

True

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9
Q

Where do T-lymphocytes mature?

A

Thymus

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10
Q

Where do B-lymphocytes mature?

A

Bone marrow

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11
Q

What is inflammation?

A

immediate, local, and non-specific response
response is to injury, not just infection (ex: allergy, twisted ankle)
increased blood flow to the site, increase capillary permeability. attracts cells of immunity

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12
Q

What role does histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and bradykinin in inflammation?

A

Causes vasodilation and increase in capillary permeability

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13
Q

Effects of histamine

A

Increase capillary permeability, vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, increase nasal and mucus secretion, stimulates sensory receptors (ex: increase itching)

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14
Q

What could go wrong if inflammation goes too far?

A

damage to healthy cells, low blood pressure from vasodilation, swelling in brain or larynx (inappropriate swelling)

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15
Q

Acute inflammation

A

either resolved, leads to scarring/fibrosis, can progress to chronic inflammation

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16
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

result of recurring or progressive acute inflammatory responses
this response often has infiltration of macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, attempted connective tissue repair involving angiogenesis and fibrosis (tissue damage)
Examples: rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, chronic pancreatitis, chronic hepatitis

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17
Q

What cells are the first to respond during innate immunity?

A

Neutrophils

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18
Q

What cells fight worms/parasites?

A

Eosinophils

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19
Q

Where are monocytes found and what do they become?

A

In blood; become macrophages and dendritic cells

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20
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A

antigen presenting cells

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21
Q

what are the 3 protein systems?

A

complement, clotting, kinin

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22
Q

what does the complement system do?

A

opsonizes pathogens (coats bacteria and provides handles for grabbing onto), kills pathogens by perforating cell, amplifies inflammatory response

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23
Q

What does the kinin system do?

A

enhances inflammatory response (vasodilation, smooth muscle contraction, vascular permeability), along with prostaglandins (inflammatory response) stimulates pain receptors

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24
Q

what are the two antigen presenting cells and what do they do

A

dendritic cells and macrophages; digest invading microbe and present antigen to lymphocytes in lymphoid organs

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25
Q

What is produced after first exposure to pathogen?

A

Memory t and b cells

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26
Q

what makes up cellular immunity and where do the cells mature?

A

T-cells, CD8 cells (killer t cells), CD4 cells (helper t cells), mature in thymus

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27
Q

what cells make up humoral immune response and where do they mature

A

b-cells (produced by plasma cells), mature in bone marrow

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28
Q

IgG

A

most effective antigen, can cross placenta

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29
Q

IgE

A

allergy (think IgE allerygyyyy), increase in IgE during allergic reaction

30
Q

IgM

A

indicates a recent infection, earliest antibody produced

31
Q

IgA

A

found in breast milk, secreted in mucus

32
Q

Active immunity

A

immune system creates response due to infection or vaccination

33
Q

passive immunity

A

immunity is transferred from another source; ex: antibodies for covid, 1st rabies vaccine, maternal antibodies passed to fetus

34
Q

What is the only immune globulin to cross the placenta?

A

IgG

35
Q

True or false? antibody tests tell you that you have an infection

A

false, they just tell you if you’ve ever been exposed and have antibodies for it

36
Q

When does the immune system become competant?

A

near birth

37
Q

What does the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins on cell surface allow

A

immune system to recognize self

38
Q

autoimmunity causes

A

immune system to damage self
example: crohn’s disease, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes mellitus (cannot control glucose)

39
Q

what are the four types of hypersensitivity reactions

A

Type 1: IgE mediated (allergic reaction)
Type 2: antibody mediated (IgG and IgM)
Type 3: immune complex (clumps of antigens and antibodies where not supposed to be)
Type 4: T-cell mediated (takes time)

40
Q

Type 1 hypersensitivity

A

allergic response, atopic persons (immune system is more sensitive to allergic triggers; higher levels of IgE), excessive release of inflammatory mediators

41
Q

anaphylaxis

A

produces a systemic reaction, local effects include rash, hives, swelling of tongue or uvula, rhinorrhea (excessive drainage), pruritus (itching)

42
Q

inhaled allergen causes

A

respiratory symptoms (bronchoconstriction - wheezing)

43
Q

ingested allergen causes

A

GI symptoms (nausea/vomiting, cramps)

44
Q

anaphylactic shock

A

systemic response to allergen, causes widespread histamine release (systemic vasodilation, capillary leakage, smooth muscle constriction, shock state, airway obstruction and cardiopulmonary collapse)

45
Q

Can antihistamine help anaphylactic shock?

A

no, no immediate effect on reaction

46
Q

what is the primary mechanism of control for anaphylactic shock?

A

autonomic nervous system

47
Q

what medication is most effective for anaphylactic shock?

A

epinephrine (vasoconstriction, dilates bronchioles)

48
Q

Type 2 hypersensitivity reactions

A

produces antibodies that recognize self antigens and bind to them, direct attack on cells and tissues, can be triggered by an infection, can cause cell lysis, inflammation, or inappropriate cell response
examples: graves disease (hyperthyroidism), RBC transfusion reactions, acute rheumatic heart disease

49
Q

Type 3 hypersensitivity

A

immune complex mediates, antibodies form complexes with antigens, complexes lodge into body tissues
examples: post-strep glomerulonephritis, allergic alveolitis

50
Q

where is a common site for type 3 hypersensitivity to occur

A

kidneys bc filtering a lot of blood, other sites include joints and blood vessels

51
Q

type 4 hypersensitivity

A

T-cell mediated (CD4 and CD8), delayed reaction (ppd TB test for ex), phagocytes and CD8 cells attack body tissue leading to tissue destruction
examples; contact dermatitis, type 1 diabetes, crohn’s disease, MS, poison ivy

52
Q

True or false? antihistamines are the first line therapy for type 4 (IV) reactions

A

False, not mediated by histamine

53
Q

autoimmune disorders

A

results from breakdown in self-tolerance, immune system produces autoantibodies (attack host cells), can occur in families

54
Q

where is central tolerance established

A

established in bone marrow and thymus

55
Q

what maintains peripheral tolerance

A

t-regulator cells in secondary lymphoid tissue

56
Q

Immunosupression

A

arises from impaired immune function, one or more components of immune system compromised, can be innate or adaptive including deficiency in lymphocytes (t or b cells), phagocyte defects, complement deficiencies

57
Q

primary immunodeficiencies

A

born w it
example: born w/out thymus

58
Q

secondary immunodeficiency

A

acquired over time
example: immunosuppression due to chemotherapy

59
Q

what causes Human acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV)

A

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

60
Q

what does HIV primarily infect

A

CD4 T helper cells

61
Q

characteristics of HIV

A

retrovirus that carries genetic material in RNA rather than DNA
also is a slow virus, having a long time period between initial infection and serious symptoms (can remain latent for 8-10 years)

62
Q

what conducts the entire immune response?

A

T-helper cells

63
Q

how does HIV infect and replicate in host cells

A

viral envelope has a glycoprotein, this molecule binds to CD4 receptor on T helper lymphocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells

64
Q

what 3 important enzymes that aid in HIV replication

A

reverse transcriptase, integrase, protease

65
Q

What is the clinical significance of the HIV life cycle?

A

to try and stop it, new drug therapy

66
Q

common ways to get HIV

A

sexual contact, contaminated blood products, contaminated needles, mother to fetus

67
Q

clinical manifestations of HIV

A

flu like symptoms 1-2 weeks post exposure; 8-10 years between HIV infection and AIDS diagnosis

68
Q

what antibody shows up first in HIV infection and which one does it switch to?

A

IgM first then IgG

69
Q

what does a high viral load mean

A

in a state of infection, can be infectious to others

70
Q

what does an undetectable viral load mean

A

non-transmissable

Nursing School (9 decks)

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