pulmonary Flashcards
Ventilation
process of air moving into and out of the lungs (alveoli)
Perfusion
flow of blood to alveolar capillary levels
Diffusion
gas exchange at the alveolar level
Hypoxemia
decrease in arterial oxygen supply
Hypoxia
decrease in oxygen content in tissues
Hypercapnia
increase in CO2 in blood
Dyspnea
shortness of breath
situations when theres Junk around the lungs
pleural effusion
situations when theres Junk in the lungs
pneumonia and pulmonary edema
what situations can cause poor lung expansion
atelectasis (alveoli don’t fill properly) and pneumothorax (collapsed lung)
excess fluid between layers of pleura outside of lungs
pleural effusion
what can pleural effusion cause
heart issues, cancer, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism
disorder of inflammation of bronchioles and alveoli
pneumonia
situation that causes lungs to fill with fluid, lung congestion, water on lungs
pulmonary edema
what can pulmonary edema cause
fluid overload, heart failure
characterized by progressive declining lung funtion, airway obstruction, abnormal chronic inflammatory response, airway remodeling
obstructive airway disorders
what type of hypersensitivity reaction is asthma
type 1
gradual damage of lung tissue (destruction of alveoli) alveoli become giant ball
emphysema
long-term inflammation of the bronchi and hyper-production of mucus
chronic bronchitis
COPD causes the body to
overproduction of mucus, airway inflammation, destruction of alveoli and alveolar ducts, reduced gas exchange, remodeling
Early changes in pulmonary vasculature in COPD
increase in macrophages and T lymphocytes, endothelial dysfunction
late changes in pulmonary vasculature in COPD
hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
hereditary cause of COPD
what do pt with emphysema “pink puffer” present with
barrel chest, pursed lips, air trapping, poor gas exchange, thin in appearance bc they dont have energy to eat, dyspnea
what do pt with chronic bronchitis “blue bloaters” present with
airway flow problem, excess mucus can’t get out, gas exchange isn’t off balance by much, cough w/mucus, hypoxia (low levels of O2), respiratory acidosis, increased hemoglobin, exercise intolerance, increased in smokers
What does chronic bronchitis lead to?
right sided heart failure
Cachexia (muscle wasting), elevated inflammatory markers, risk for cardiovascular disease, depression and anxiety, osteoporosis (vitamin D deficiency), secondary polycythemia (too many RBC) are the effects of what
COPD
how can COPD lead to potential clots?
body makes extra RBC to try and oxygenate periphery better, too many RBC leads to too much volume which can lead to clots
permanent and abnormal dilation of the bronchi, bronchioles; leads to excess mucus production and thus increasing chances of infection
bronchiectasis (dilation)
affects cells that produce mucus causing them to be sticky and thick; inherited disorder that damages lungs
cystic fibrosis
obstructive sleep apnea
muscles in throat relax causing a cessation of breathing
problems with the lungs itself
intrinsic lung diseases
problem from something other than the lungs
extrinsic lung diseases
restrictive or obstructive? diseases result in less inspired air
restrictive pulmonary disease; scoliosis, kyphosis, obesity, ALS, muscular dystrophy can be examples
restrictive or obstructive? compromised ability to expire air
obstructive pulmonary disease; emphysema, asthma, COPD can be examples
FEV1/FVC ratio
volume of air that one can forcefully exhale
A pt with emphysema would present with what on their pulmonary function test?
elevated residual volume (the amt of air remaining in the lungs after maximal exhalation)
FEV1 (forced expiratory volume 1)
volume of air forcefully exhaled in 1 second
FVC (forced vital capacity)
volume of air forcible exhaled after deepest breath possible
blockage in one or more of the pulmonary arteries in the lungs
pulmonary embolism
Virchows traid (hyper-coagulability, vascular damage, circulatory stasis)
perfect storm for clot formation to form and travel to lungs
pressure in the blood vessels leading from the heart to the lungs is too high
pulmonary hypertension
S/S of pulmonary hypertension
SOB, fainting, dizziness, chest pressure, tachycardia
right sided heart failure caused by pulmonary issue/disorder
cor pulmonale
most common cause of cor pulmonale
COPD and pulmonary hypertension
True or false? Dead space doesn’t participate in gas exchange
True
pathological condition in which the alveoli are perfused but not ventilated
shunt
potential clinical causes of intrapulmonary shunt (perfusion without ventilation)
atelectasis (alveoli don’t fill properly), pulmonary edema, pneumonia, ARDS
cause of dead-space ventilation (ventilation without perfusion-blood flow to capillaries)
pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, cardiogenic shock (heart cant pump enough blood)
equation for ventilation and perfusion ratios
V/Q (v stands for ventilation, q stands for perfusion)
what does a low V/Q ratio indicate
poor ventilation but good perfusion
what does a high V/Q ratio indicate
good ventilation but poor perfusion
ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome)
life threatening condition caused by injury to the capillary wall either from illness or physical injury such as major trauma; lungs unable to exchange O2 and CO2
ARF (acute respiratory failure)
broader term that refers to failure of lungs from any cause such as COPD
Can COVID progress to ARDS or ARF?
ARDS
monoclonal antibodies
help immune system recognize and respond more effectively to virus
antiviral treatments
target specific parts of the virus to stop it from multiplying in the body
failure of gas exchange due to heart failure or lung failure; comes as a result of conditions that impair ventilation, compromise V/Q, or impair gas diffusion
respiratory failure
hypoxemic respiratory failure clinical presentations
COPD, restrictive lung disease, pneumonia, atelectasis
hypocapnic/hypoxemic respiratory failure clinical presentations
upper airway obstruction, infections, tumor, laryngospasm
pulmonary edema and acute lung injury/ARDS can cause
impaired diffusion
