pulmonary

Question 1

Ventilation

Answer 1

process of air moving into and out of the lungs (alveoli)

Question 2

Perfusion

Answer 2

flow of blood to alveolar capillary levels

Question 3

Diffusion

Answer 3

gas exchange at the alveolar level

Question 4

Hypoxemia

Answer 4

decrease in arterial oxygen supply

Question 5

Hypoxia

Answer 5

decrease in oxygen content in tissues

Question 6

Hypercapnia

Answer 6

increase in CO2 in blood

Question 7

Dyspnea

Answer 7

shortness of breath

Question 8

situations when theres Junk around the lungs

Answer 8

pleural effusion

Question 9

situations when theres Junk in the lungs

Answer 9

pneumonia and pulmonary edema

Question 10

what situations can cause poor lung expansion

Answer 10

atelectasis (alveoli don’t fill properly) and pneumothorax (collapsed lung)

Question 11

excess fluid between layers of pleura outside of lungs

Answer 11

pleural effusion

Question 12

what can pleural effusion cause

Answer 12

heart issues, cancer, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism

Question 13

disorder of inflammation of bronchioles and alveoli

Answer 13

pneumonia

Question 14

situation that causes lungs to fill with fluid, lung congestion, water on lungs

Answer 14

pulmonary edema

Question 15

what can pulmonary edema cause

Answer 15

fluid overload, heart failure

Question 16

characterized by progressive declining lung funtion, airway obstruction, abnormal chronic inflammatory response, airway remodeling

Answer 16

obstructive airway disorders

Question 17

what type of hypersensitivity reaction is asthma

Answer 17

type 1

Question 18

gradual damage of lung tissue (destruction of alveoli) alveoli become giant ball

Answer 18

emphysema

Question 19

long-term inflammation of the bronchi and hyper-production of mucus

Answer 19

chronic bronchitis

Question 20

COPD causes the body to

Answer 20

overproduction of mucus, airway inflammation, destruction of alveoli and alveolar ducts, reduced gas exchange, remodeling

Question 21

Early changes in pulmonary vasculature in COPD

Answer 21

increase in macrophages and T lymphocytes, endothelial dysfunction

Question 22

late changes in pulmonary vasculature in COPD

Answer 22

hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle

Question 23

Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

Answer 23

hereditary cause of COPD

Question 24

what do pt with emphysema “pink puffer” present with

Answer 24

barrel chest, pursed lips, air trapping, poor gas exchange, thin in appearance bc they dont have energy to eat, dyspnea

Question 25

what do pt with chronic bronchitis "blue bloaters" present with

Answer 25

airway flow problem, excess mucus can't get out, gas exchange isn't off balance by much, cough w/mucus, hypoxia (low levels of O2), respiratory acidosis, increased hemoglobin, exercise intolerance, increased in smokers

Question 26

What does chronic bronchitis lead to?

Answer 26

right sided heart failure

Question 27

Cachexia (muscle wasting), elevated inflammatory markers, risk for cardiovascular disease, depression and anxiety, osteoporosis (vitamin D deficiency), secondary polycythemia (too many RBC) are the effects of what

Answer 27

COPD

Question 28

how can COPD lead to potential clots?

Answer 28

body makes extra RBC to try and oxygenate periphery better, too many RBC leads to too much volume which can lead to clots

Question 29

permanent and abnormal dilation of the bronchi, bronchioles; leads to excess mucus production and thus increasing chances of infection

Answer 29

bronchiectasis (dilation)

Question 30

affects cells that produce mucus causing them to be sticky and thick; inherited disorder that damages lungs

Answer 30

cystic fibrosis

Question 31

obstructive sleep apnea

Answer 31

muscles in throat relax causing a cessation of breathing

Question 32

problems with the lungs itself

Answer 32

intrinsic lung diseases

Question 33

problem from something other than the lungs

Answer 33

extrinsic lung diseases

Question 34

restrictive or obstructive? diseases result in less inspired air

Answer 34

restrictive pulmonary disease; scoliosis, kyphosis, obesity, ALS, muscular dystrophy can be examples

Question 35

restrictive or obstructive? compromised ability to expire air

Answer 35

obstructive pulmonary disease; emphysema, asthma, COPD can be examples

Question 36

FEV1/FVC ratio

Answer 36

volume of air that one can forcefully exhale

Question 37

A pt with emphysema would present with what on their pulmonary function test?

Answer 37

elevated residual volume (the amt of air remaining in the lungs after maximal exhalation)

Question 38

FEV1 (forced expiratory volume 1)

Answer 38

volume of air forcefully exhaled in 1 second

Question 39

FVC (forced vital capacity)

Answer 39

volume of air forcible exhaled after deepest breath possible

Question 40

blockage in one or more of the pulmonary arteries in the lungs

Answer 40

pulmonary embolism

Question 41

Virchows traid (hyper-coagulability, vascular damage, circulatory stasis)

Answer 41

perfect storm for clot formation to form and travel to lungs

Question 42

pressure in the blood vessels leading from the heart to the lungs is too high

Answer 42

pulmonary hypertension

Question 43

S/S of pulmonary hypertension

Answer 43

SOB, fainting, dizziness, chest pressure, tachycardia

Question 44

right sided heart failure caused by pulmonary issue/disorder

Answer 44

cor pulmonale

Question 45

most common cause of cor pulmonale

Answer 45

COPD and pulmonary hypertension

Question 46

True or false? Dead space doesn't participate in gas exchange

Answer 46

True

Question 47

pathological condition in which the alveoli are perfused but not ventilated

Answer 47

shunt

Question 48

potential clinical causes of intrapulmonary shunt (perfusion without ventilation)

Answer 48

atelectasis (alveoli don't fill properly), pulmonary edema, pneumonia, ARDS

Question 49

cause of dead-space ventilation (ventilation without perfusion-blood flow to capillaries)

Answer 49

pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, cardiogenic shock (heart cant pump enough blood)

Question 50

equation for ventilation and perfusion ratios

Answer 50

V/Q (v stands for ventilation, q stands for perfusion)

Question 51

what does a low V/Q ratio indicate

Answer 51

poor ventilation but good perfusion

Question 52

what does a high V/Q ratio indicate

Answer 52

good ventilation but poor perfusion

Question 53

ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome)

Answer 53

life threatening condition caused by injury to the capillary wall either from illness or physical injury such as major trauma; lungs unable to exchange O2 and CO2

Question 54

ARF (acute respiratory failure)

Answer 54

broader term that refers to failure of lungs from any cause such as COPD

Question 55

Can COVID progress to ARDS or ARF?

Answer 55

ARDS

Question 56

monoclonal antibodies

Answer 56

help immune system recognize and respond more effectively to virus

Question 57

antiviral treatments

Answer 57

target specific parts of the virus to stop it from multiplying in the body

Question 58

failure of gas exchange due to heart failure or lung failure; comes as a result of conditions that impair ventilation, compromise V/Q, or impair gas diffusion

Answer 58

respiratory failure

Question 59

hypoxemic respiratory failure clinical presentations

Answer 59

COPD, restrictive lung disease, pneumonia, atelectasis

Question 60

hypocapnic/hypoxemic respiratory failure clinical presentations

Answer 60

upper airway obstruction, infections, tumor, laryngospasm

Question 61

pulmonary edema and acute lung injury/ARDS can cause

Answer 61

impaired diffusion