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Nursing School > pulmonary > Flashcards

pulmonary Flashcards

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1
Q

Ventilation

A

process of air moving into and out of the lungs (alveoli)

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2
Q

Perfusion

A

flow of blood to alveolar capillary levels

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3
Q

Diffusion

A

gas exchange at the alveolar level

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4
Q

Hypoxemia

A

decrease in arterial oxygen supply

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5
Q

Hypoxia

A

decrease in oxygen content in tissues

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6
Q

Hypercapnia

A

increase in CO2 in blood

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7
Q

Dyspnea

A

shortness of breath

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8
Q

situations when theres Junk around the lungs

A

pleural effusion

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9
Q

situations when theres Junk in the lungs

A

pneumonia and pulmonary edema

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10
Q

what situations can cause poor lung expansion

A

atelectasis (alveoli don’t fill properly) and pneumothorax (collapsed lung)

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11
Q

excess fluid between layers of pleura outside of lungs

A

pleural effusion

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12
Q

what can pleural effusion cause

A

heart issues, cancer, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism

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13
Q

disorder of inflammation of bronchioles and alveoli

A

pneumonia

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14
Q

situation that causes lungs to fill with fluid, lung congestion, water on lungs

A

pulmonary edema

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15
Q

what can pulmonary edema cause

A

fluid overload, heart failure

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16
Q

characterized by progressive declining lung funtion, airway obstruction, abnormal chronic inflammatory response, airway remodeling

A

obstructive airway disorders

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17
Q

what type of hypersensitivity reaction is asthma

A

type 1

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18
Q

gradual damage of lung tissue (destruction of alveoli) alveoli become giant ball

A

emphysema

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19
Q

long-term inflammation of the bronchi and hyper-production of mucus

A

chronic bronchitis

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20
Q

COPD causes the body to

A

overproduction of mucus, airway inflammation, destruction of alveoli and alveolar ducts, reduced gas exchange, remodeling

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21
Q

Early changes in pulmonary vasculature in COPD

A

increase in macrophages and T lymphocytes, endothelial dysfunction

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22
Q

late changes in pulmonary vasculature in COPD

A

hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle

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23
Q

Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

A

hereditary cause of COPD

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24
Q

what do pt with emphysema “pink puffer” present with

A

barrel chest, pursed lips, air trapping, poor gas exchange, thin in appearance bc they dont have energy to eat, dyspnea

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25
Q

what do pt with chronic bronchitis “blue bloaters” present with

A

airway flow problem, excess mucus can’t get out, gas exchange isn’t off balance by much, cough w/mucus, hypoxia (low levels of O2), respiratory acidosis, increased hemoglobin, exercise intolerance, increased in smokers

26
Q

What does chronic bronchitis lead to?

A

right sided heart failure

27
Q

Cachexia (muscle wasting), elevated inflammatory markers, risk for cardiovascular disease, depression and anxiety, osteoporosis (vitamin D deficiency), secondary polycythemia (too many RBC) are the effects of what

A

COPD

28
Q

how can COPD lead to potential clots?

A

body makes extra RBC to try and oxygenate periphery better, too many RBC leads to too much volume which can lead to clots

29
Q

permanent and abnormal dilation of the bronchi, bronchioles; leads to excess mucus production and thus increasing chances of infection

A

bronchiectasis (dilation)

30
Q

affects cells that produce mucus causing them to be sticky and thick; inherited disorder that damages lungs

A

cystic fibrosis

31
Q

obstructive sleep apnea

A

muscles in throat relax causing a cessation of breathing

32
Q

problems with the lungs itself

A

intrinsic lung diseases

33
Q

problem from something other than the lungs

A

extrinsic lung diseases

34
Q

restrictive or obstructive? diseases result in less inspired air

A

restrictive pulmonary disease; scoliosis, kyphosis, obesity, ALS, muscular dystrophy can be examples

35
Q

restrictive or obstructive? compromised ability to expire air

A

obstructive pulmonary disease; emphysema, asthma, COPD can be examples

36
Q

FEV1/FVC ratio

A

volume of air that one can forcefully exhale

37
Q

A pt with emphysema would present with what on their pulmonary function test?

A

elevated residual volume (the amt of air remaining in the lungs after maximal exhalation)

38
Q

FEV1 (forced expiratory volume 1)

A

volume of air forcefully exhaled in 1 second

39
Q

FVC (forced vital capacity)

A

volume of air forcible exhaled after deepest breath possible

40
Q

blockage in one or more of the pulmonary arteries in the lungs

A

pulmonary embolism

41
Q

Virchows traid (hyper-coagulability, vascular damage, circulatory stasis)

A

perfect storm for clot formation to form and travel to lungs

42
Q

pressure in the blood vessels leading from the heart to the lungs is too high

A

pulmonary hypertension

43
Q

S/S of pulmonary hypertension

A

SOB, fainting, dizziness, chest pressure, tachycardia

44
Q

right sided heart failure caused by pulmonary issue/disorder

A

cor pulmonale

45
Q

most common cause of cor pulmonale

A

COPD and pulmonary hypertension

46
Q

True or false? Dead space doesn’t participate in gas exchange

A

True

47
Q

pathological condition in which the alveoli are perfused but not ventilated

A

shunt

48
Q

potential clinical causes of intrapulmonary shunt (perfusion without ventilation)

A

atelectasis (alveoli don’t fill properly), pulmonary edema, pneumonia, ARDS

49
Q

cause of dead-space ventilation (ventilation without perfusion-blood flow to capillaries)

A

pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, cardiogenic shock (heart cant pump enough blood)

50
Q

equation for ventilation and perfusion ratios

A

V/Q (v stands for ventilation, q stands for perfusion)

51
Q

what does a low V/Q ratio indicate

A

poor ventilation but good perfusion

52
Q

what does a high V/Q ratio indicate

A

good ventilation but poor perfusion

53
Q

ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome)

A

life threatening condition caused by injury to the capillary wall either from illness or physical injury such as major trauma; lungs unable to exchange O2 and CO2

54
Q

ARF (acute respiratory failure)

A

broader term that refers to failure of lungs from any cause such as COPD

55
Q

Can COVID progress to ARDS or ARF?

A

ARDS

56
Q

monoclonal antibodies

A

help immune system recognize and respond more effectively to virus

57
Q

antiviral treatments

A

target specific parts of the virus to stop it from multiplying in the body

58
Q

failure of gas exchange due to heart failure or lung failure; comes as a result of conditions that impair ventilation, compromise V/Q, or impair gas diffusion

A

respiratory failure

59
Q

hypoxemic respiratory failure clinical presentations

A

COPD, restrictive lung disease, pneumonia, atelectasis

60
Q

hypocapnic/hypoxemic respiratory failure clinical presentations

A

upper airway obstruction, infections, tumor, laryngospasm

61
Q

pulmonary edema and acute lung injury/ARDS can cause

A

impaired diffusion

Nursing School (9 decks)

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