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RW FY1 > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

1
Q

Which infection is most likely in renal transplant patients?

A

CMV

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2
Q

Mode of inheritance in Alport’s syndrome

A

X linked dominant

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3
Q

Screening for Adult PKD

A

USS Abdomen

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4
Q

Cause/MOA

Fanconi syndrome

Liddle syndrome

Gitelman syndrome

Bartter syndrome

A

Fanconi syndrome - global resorptive defect in PCT

  • Hypokalaemia, Type 2 renal tubular acidosis

Liddle syndrome - unable to degrade Na channels in DCT –> re-absorb lots Na

  • Mimics hyperaldosteronism (Liddle Conn’s)

Gitelman syndrome - mutation in Thiazide sensitive NaCl in DCT

  • Hypokalaemia + Normotension

Bartter syndrome - defective Na/K/Cl in ascending LoH

  • Hypokalaemia + Normotension
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5
Q

Painful skin lesions

On Haemodialysis

Punch biopsy of a lesion shows calcification of the middle layer of the arterioles

A

Calciphylaxis lesion

intensely painful, purpuric patches

area of black necrotic tissue

may form bullae, ulcerate, and leave a hard, firm eschar

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6
Q

Ix to DDx acute tubular necrosis vs pre-renal uraemia

A
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7
Q

Urine MC&S

Granular, muddy-brown urinary casts

Red cell casts

Urinary eosinophil count >5%

A

Granular, muddy-brown urinary casts –> Acute Tubular Necrosis

Red cell casts –> nephritic syndrome

Urinary eosinophil count >5% –> interstitial nephritis

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8
Q

New drug (NSAID / Antibiotic)

Rash (Maculopapular or Macular rash)

Arthralgia (joint pain)

Eosinophillia

A

Tubulo-interstitial nephritis (TIN)

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9
Q

Indications for RRT / dialysis

A

AEIOU

  • Acidosis (pH < 7.2)
  • Electrolytes (persistent K > 7.0)
  • Intoxication
  • Overload of fluid (refractory to treatment)
  • Uremic pericarditis / encephalopathy
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10
Q

Most common infection in haemodialysis

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis

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11
Q

Nephrotic syndrome with sudden deterioriation in renal function

Diagnosis?

A

Renal vein thrombosis

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12
Q

Causes of Nephrotic syndrome + Nephritic syndrome

A
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13
Q

Young female patients develop AKI after starting ACE inhibitor

Diagnosis?

A

Fibromuscular dysplasia

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14
Q

Recent MI 1 month ago and started on ACEi –> presents with flash pulmonary oedema

A

Renal artery stenosis

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15
Q

Renal tubular acidosis

Type 1-4

A

Type 1 RTA : H+ = (+1)

  • Excess H+ –> Hypokalaemia + Metabolic acidosis

Type 2 RTA : HCO3(-1) = 3-1 = 2

  • Loss of HCO3 –> Hypokalaemia + Metabolic acidosis

Type 3 RTA

  • Type 1 + Type 2

Type 4 RTA (Aldo = 4)

  • No aldosterone
  • Hyperkalaemia + Metabolic acidosis
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16
Q

Prevention of renal stones

A
17
Q

Tx of renal stones

A
18
Q

Renal stones

Cyanide-nitroprusside test: positive

Diagnosis?

A

Cystinuria

19
Q

BPH - Tx

A

(1) α blocker (Tamsulosin, Doxazosin)
(1) 5‑α reductase inhibitor (Finasteride)

  • Takes 3-6 months before improvement
  • S/E: Gyaecomastia, ED

(1) Phosphodisteraise-5 inhibitor (Sildenafil)

(1) Anticholinergic (Tolterodine, Oxybutynin)

Prostate < 80g –> TURP

Prostate > 80g –> Laser enucleation

20
Q

Epididymo-orchitis

  • cause?

Tx?

A

Adults < 35 years

  • STI infection (most common)
    • Chlamydia trachmatis
    • Neisseria gonorrhoeae
  • Tx: IM Ceftriaxone + Doxycycline

Adults > 35 years

  • Enteric organisms
    • E. coli (following UTI)
  • Tx: Quinolone (Levofloxacin)
21
Q

Scrotal swelling

Separate from body of testicle

Able to get above the lump

Diagnosis? Ix?

A

Epididymal cyst

USS

22
Q

Painless, scrotal mass

NOT separate to the testis

Able to get above the mass

Transillumination of swelling

Diagnosis? Complications?

A

Hydrocoele

Consider Ix for malignancy (10%)

23
Q

Types of Rapidly progressive Glomerulonephritis

A
  • Type 1 (Antibody mediated)
    • Goodpasture’s = anti-GBM Ab (IgG) mediated
  • Type 2 (Immune complex mediated):
    • IgA nephropathy / Henoch-Scholein purpura
    • SLE
  • Type 3 = ANCA +ve
    • Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s granulomatosis)
    • Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Straus)
    • Microscopic polyangiitis
24
Q

Types of Glomerulonephritis - based on histology

A
25
Q

Types of Glomerulonephritis - based on cause

A

RW FY1 (15 decks)

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