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History - Health And The People > Renaissance > Flashcards

Renaissance Flashcards

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1
Q

What does renaissance mean

A

Rebirth

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2
Q

When was the printing press invented

A

1440

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3
Q

Who invented the printing press

A

Johannes Gutenberg

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4
Q

Why was the invention of the printing press significant

A

When new ideas were written down they could quickly be copied and communicated to people across Europe

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5
Q

When was Andreas Vesalius born

A

1514

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6
Q

Where was Andreas Vesalius born

A

Brussels, Belgium

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7
Q

Which university did Andreas Vesalius work at

A

University of Padua, Italy

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8
Q

What did Andreas Vesalius specialise in

A

Anatomy

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9
Q

What book did Andreas Vesalius publish and when

A

The fabric of the Human body in 1543

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10
Q

What was in the Fabric of The Human Body

A

extremely detailed and accurate guide for doctors on how the human body worked.

It contained detailed and accurate drawings of the human body

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11
Q

What did some of Vesalius’ discoveries disprove

A

Some of the works of Galen

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12
Q

What did Vesalius prove about the human jaw

A

Disproved Galen and proved it was made of one bone and not two

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13
Q

What did Vesalius prove about the heart

A

Blood did not pass from one side of the heart to the other through the septum

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14
Q

Why was Vesalius significant in the short term

A

Proved Galen had made mistakes. Encouraged other doctors to questions ideas and theories

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15
Q

Why was Vesalius significant in the long term

A

Accuracy of the anatomical knowledge and drawings in his book. Meant other advances in medicine could happen

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16
Q

Where and when was Ambrose Pare born

A

France in 1510

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17
Q

Who was Ambrose Pare

A

Surgeon to French kings and worked as barber surgeon in the French army

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18
Q

What was the traditional method of treating gunshot wounds

A

Hot oil to cauterise wounds

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19
Q

What was Pares ointment

A

Old Roman remedy of egg yolk, rose oil and turpentine

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20
Q

What did Pare find was the effect of his ointment

A

Those who had been treated with it were sleeping and their wounds were healing

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21
Q

If patients had severe wounds or amputation what was the traditional method of treatment

A

Blood vessels sealed by cauterisation

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22
Q

What was the problem of cauterisation

A

Patients would die from pain or from infections

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23
Q

What did Pare use to treat severe wounds of amputations

A

Ligatures to tie blood vessels and stop bleeding

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24
Q

What was the problem with ligatures

A

Still didn’t know about germ theory so hands to tie ligatures were often unclean so high chance of infection and death

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25
Q

How was Pare significant in the short term

A

Showed new methods could be successful

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26
Q

How was Pare significant in the long term

A

Once germ theory came around ligatures could be properly sterilised and used effectively

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27
Q

When and where was William Harvey born

A

England in 1578

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28
Q

Where did William Harvey study

A

University of Padua in Italy

29
Q

Where did Harvey work when he returned to England

A

St Bartholomew’s hospital in London

30
Q

Which King did Harvey become the physician of

A

James 1

31
Q

Which animals did Harvey dissect

A

Frogs

32
Q

Why did Harvey dissecting frogs prove how blood was pumped around the body by the heart

A

Frogs have a slow pulse rate so by dissecting he could prove blood was pumped around the body by the heart

33
Q

What else did Harvey discover about the heart

A

Role of valves in blood vessels, which made sure blood only flowed in one direction

34
Q

What was the name of Harvey’s book and when was it published

A

An Anatomical account of the motion of the heart and blood. 1628

35
Q

When did the plague return to England

A

1665

36
Q

How many people did the 1665 great plague kill in London

A

100,000

37
Q

What spread the great plague of 1665

A

Poor sanitation, led to sewage and waste being discarded in streets and river. Increased the population of black rats which carried the bubonic plague bacteria

38
Q

Who left London when the plague spread

A

The wealthy - including King Charles II

39
Q

Why was the wealthy leaving London a risk

A

Risked spreading the disease across the country

40
Q

Did the mayor of London leave or stay during the 1665 plague

A

He stayed in the city to help coordinate the response to the outbreak

41
Q

What did the government do to households who contained plague victims

A

Locked the whole household in the house and painted a Red Cross on the door

42
Q

What did people believe caused and spread the plague

A

Stray cats and dogs

43
Q

What did the mayor order to be done with stray cats and dogs

A

Them to be killed

44
Q

Why was killing the stray cats and dogs actually a bad decision

A

Stray cats and dogs may have killed some of the rats who were actually carrying the disease

45
Q

What was the other thing people believed caused the plague

A

Miasma

46
Q

How did people try to fight miasma during the plague

A

Ordered to light fires in the street to create smoke. As it was thought to mask the bad air

47
Q

What did people believe were the causes of the plague (3)

A

Miasma
Four humours
God

48
Q

What were some cures to the Black Death

A

Blood letting and purging to balance four humours

49
Q

Describe plague doctors

A

Outfits to protect them from contact with victim

Wore leather cloaks and masks containing herbs to avoid them smelling the streets

Wore gloves and hats so none of their skin was exposed to the air

50
Q

Where and when was John hunter born

A

Scotland in 1728

51
Q

Where did John Hunter train

A

Surgeon at St Bartholomew’s hospital

52
Q

What did John Hunter collect

A

Human and animal body parts

53
Q

Where is John Hunters collection now

A

Hunterian Museum at the Royal College of Surgons

54
Q

How many things did John Hunter have in his collection

A

14,000 items from more than 500 different species

55
Q

Why was John Hunter significant

A

Leading member of the Royal society and trained other doctors, including Edward Jenner.

56
Q

What was the approx mortality rate of smallpox

A

30%

57
Q

How to smallpox affect people in long term

A

Scarring, joint pain and even blindness

58
Q

What is inoculation

A

Medical injection that introduces a weakened dose of a harmful disease causing organism into a patients body.

59
Q

Who was Lady Mary Montagu

A

In 1718 she had her son inoculated against smallpox in turkey. She returned to England and promoted inoculation and the procedure became widely used

60
Q

Risks of inoculation

A

Someone may contract full disease, or may not be given enough so they would not develop immunity

61
Q

When and where was Edward Jenner born

A

England in 1749

62
Q

What experiment did Jenner conduct in 1796

A

Took cowpox from a milkmaid (Sarah Nelmes) and smeared in a small cut on 8 year old James Phipps. Phipps became mildly ill with cowpox. Then Jenner gave Phipps pus from a smallpox victim and James did not become ill

63
Q

What did Jenner prove with his Phipps 1796 experiment

A

That cowpox gave people protection against smallpox

64
Q

What did Jenner call the procedure he conducted on James Phipps

A

Vaccination after the Latin work for cow ‘vacca’

65
Q

Why did people oppose vaccination

A

Some people believe god sent smallpox and the vaccine interfered with gods will

The vaccine worked by using an animal disease and some people felt it not safe and they would grow horns

Jenner didn’t know about germsso couldn’t fully explain how the vaccination worked

66
Q

When was the law making it compulsory for all newborn babies to be vaccinated against smallpox

A

1853

67
Q

When did the world health organisation launch a plan to try eradicate smallpox

A

1967

68
Q

When was smallpox eradicated

A

1980

69
Q

How was Jenner significant in long term

A

Encouraged research to find other vaccines

History - Health And The People (3 decks)

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