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History - Health And The People > Medieval > Flashcards

Medieval Flashcards

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1
Q

Where was Hippocrates born and when (roughly)

A

Kos, Greece in about 460BC

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2
Q

Who is known as the ‘father of modern medicine’

A

Hippocrates

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3
Q

What is the Hippocratic oath

A

An oath based on studies of Hippocrates. Outlines ethical obligations when treating a patient

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4
Q

Who first introduced the theory of the four humours

A

Hippocrates

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5
Q

What was the theory of four humours

A

That the human body was made up of four substances and illness was caused by an imbalance of these humours.

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6
Q

What were the four humours

A

Blood
Phlegm
Black bile
Yellow bile

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7
Q

What did Hippocrates encourage doctors to do when treating patients

A

Seek natural causes and cures of illness. Clinical observation of the patient rather than just of the illness

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8
Q

When and where was Galen born

A

Italy (Roman) in AD129

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9
Q

What theory linking to the four humours did Galen develop

A

Theory of opposites

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10
Q

What was the theory of opposites

A

Idea that illness could be treated by balancing the humours

E.g if someone had a cold to eat something hot and spicy to balance

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11
Q

What animals did Galen dissect for his work on anatomy

A

Pigs and monkeys

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12
Q

What did Galen (wrongly) believe about how blood was made and transported around the body

A

That blood passed from one side of heart to the other through tiny holes in the septum

That blood was constantly being made

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13
Q

What other thing did Galen wrongly believe

A

That the human jaw was two separate bones

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14
Q

What supernatural methods of treatment were used (3)

A

Prayer
Astrology
Trepanning (cutting hole in the skull and removing part of the bone)

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15
Q

Natural treatments (3)

A

Bloodletting
Purging
Herbal remedies

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16
Q

Did Hippocrates and Galen encourage natural or supernatural treatments

A

Natural treatments

17
Q

Whose teachings did the Catholic Church support and why?

A

Galen, because he believed a greater being has created human life and this was compatible with the Christian beliefs

18
Q

Why did Galens ideas last for so long

A

The church controlled the teaching at the universities so Galens ideas continued to be followed and believed

19
Q

What did the Qur’ran teach Muslims to do with the sick

A

They have a duty to care for people who are sick.

20
Q

Why was Islamic medicine more advanced than medicine in England

A

Their faith encouraged Muslim doctors to develop new ideas and treatments

21
Q

How did the church hinder development in medicine

A

Limited how much doctors could challenge the work of Galen so new ideas were not introduced

22
Q

Who was Al-Razi (rhazes)

A

Doctor who helped plan building of a hospital in Baghdad - first general hospital in the world opened in AD805

23
Q

How did Al-Razi (Rhazes) decide where to build a hospital

A

Hung meat in different parts of the city and the hospital was built in the area where the meat took the longest amount of time to rot.

24
Q

Who was the first person to work out the diffference between smallpox and measles

A

Al-Razi (Rhazes)

25
Q

How many books did Al-Razi write

A

Over 200

translated into Latin and used to teach in many universities across Europe.

26
Q

Who was Ibn Sina (Avicenna)

A

Doctor and astronomer

27
Q

Ibn Sina wrote many books but which was his most famous

A

The canon of medicine, completed in 1025

28
Q

What was the Canon of Medicine

A

Book by Ibn Sina that explored ideas about anatomy and human development, encouraged natural treatments

29
Q

What were the crusades

A

Wars over the control of the Holy Land

30
Q

How did the crusades impact medicine

A

Doctors had to frequently travel to the holy land with the crusaders and learned new ideas from Islamic kingdoms

31
Q

What was trepanning

A

A hole cut in the top of someone’s skull to allow bad spirits to escape. Most people died but some survived.

32
Q

What was cauterisation

A

Process used to stop bleeding.

Heating a piece of iron in fire and pressing it into a wound. This would seal the blood vessels but risked a severe burn and was very painful.

High chance of causing infection and death

33
Q

What early anaesthetics did medieval surgeons use

A

Herbal remedies:

Opium or hemlock

34
Q

What were barber surgeons

A

Surgeons who carried out basic surgery :
Removing teeth, bloodletting etc

35
Q

Why were monasteries important

A

Throughout medieval period over 1,000 monasteries. They gave free care to those in need. Also preserved ancient ideas about medicine

36
Q

Who run monasteries and abbeys

A

Monks and nuns

History - Health And The People (3 decks)

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