Ren 1 - Renal Embryology and Anatomy Flashcards
What does the pronephros becomes?
It disappears at week 4.
What does the mesonephros becomes?
Functions as a fetal kidney during the first trimester. Later becomes part of the male genital system.
What does the metanephros becomes?
It becomes the adult kidney; appears during the fifth week of gestation.
What is the ureteric bud and from what structure does it appear from?
- It gives rise to the entire collecting system, it appears from the caudal end of the mesonephros.
- It induces metanephros to differentiate into the renal tubular epithelial structures; into the nephrons.
What is Potter sequence?
AKA Potter syndrome: [POTTER] -Pulmonary hypoplasia. -Twisted skin (wrinkled skin). -Twisted face (facial deformities). -Extremities (limb deformities). -Renal agenesis (the cause of Potter sequence).
What happens when there are no ureteric buds?
- No collecting system.
- Bilateral renal agenesis: without the ureteric buds to inducing the metanephros to develop into the nephrons.
What is a horseshoe kidney?
When the inferior poles of both kidneys fuse, forming a single kidney, in a U shape. As this kidney ascends from the pelvis in development, it gets hung up under the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) and stay low on the abdomen.
Which artery traps the horseshoe kidney?
Inferior mesenteric artery (IMA).
Which syndrome is associated with horseshoe kidney?
Turner syndrome.
Where in the kidney is the glomerulus found?
In the cortex of the kidney.
Through which vessels does blood get into the glomerulus and which vessel leaves the glomerulus?
Blood enters through the (accepts) Afferent arteriole.
Blood leaves through the (emits) Efferent arteriole.
What are the layers of the glomerulus layer?
- Capillary endothelium (it is fenestrated).
- Basement membrane (negatively charged).
- Podocyte foot process.
Where are the Juxtaglomerular cells located? And where are the macula densa cells at?
It is just between afferent arteriole and distal tubule. The macula densa are on the distal tubule.
Which cells make up the Juxtaglomerular apparatus?
- Juxtaglomerular apparatus.
2. Macula densa.
What do Juxtaglomerular cells release? And what does the Macula densa do?
The macula densa senses Sodium levels. The Juxtaglomerular cells to release renin on the command of the densa macula.
What are the three things that tells the juxtaglomerular cells to release renin?
- Beta-adrenergic stimulation.
- Low sodium in the DCT (under the command of the macula densa.
- Low pressure in the afferent arteriole.
What does Renin do?
It cleaves angiotensinogen into angiotensin I. Then the ACE (Angiotensin converting enzyme) turns angiotensin I into angiotensin II.
What does angiotensin II do?
- Vasoconstrictor (raises BP).
2. Stimulates adrenals to make aldosterone (aldosterone causes sodium and water retention).
Where are the glomerulus found in the kidney versus where are the nephrons found in the kidney? Where are the collecting tubules drain into?
- Glomerulus are found in the Cortex.
- Nephrons are found in the Medulla.
- The collecting tubules drain into Medullary pyramids.
Where do the ureters merge to?
They run retroperitoneally down towards the bladder at the uretrovesicular junction (UVJ)- a common site for renal stones to get stuck.
What is the difference of ureter placement between men and women?
[Water under the bridge]
- On men, they pass under uterine artery (women).
- On women, pass under vas deferens (men).
What artery prevents a horseshoe kidney from ascending into the abdomen?
Inferior mesenteri artery (IMA).
What fundamental problem creates Potter sequence?
Oligohydramnios.
What cell type releases renin?
Juxtaglomerular cells.
