Ren 0 Flashcards
What is the mechanism of action of penicillin?
- Binds penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs).
- Blocks trasnpeptidase cross-linking of the cell wall.
- Activate autolytic enzymes.
Which embryologic structure of the heart gives rise to smooth parts of the left and right ventricle?
Bulbus cordis.
Which embryologic structure of the heart gives rise to smooth part of the right atrium?
Right horn of the sinus venosus.
Which embryologic structure of the heart gives rise to trabeculated left and right atrium?
Primitive atria.
Which embryologic structure of the heart gives rise to trabeculated parts of the left and right ventricle?
Primitive ventricle.
What are the clinical manifestations of CREST scleroderma?
[CREST] Calcinosis.
Raynoud phenomenon. Esophageal dysmotility. Sclerodactyly. Telangiesctasias.
Which cytokines are produced by the TH1 cells?
They produce IL-1 and interferon-gamma which lead to stimulation of T cells and macrophages.
Which penicillin drug would you use in UTI?
Amoxicillin (better G(-) coverage).
Which penicillin drug would you use in neonatal infection?
Ampicillin (usually combined with gentamicin).
Which penicillin drug would you use in syphilis?
Penicillin G.
Which penicillin drug would you use in Pseudomonas?
Ticarcillin, Carbenicillin, Piperacillin.
What are the different classes of antiarrhythmics?
[No Bad Boy Keeps Clean] Class I: Na+ channel blockers. Class II: Beta-blockers. Class III: K+ channel blockers. Calss IV: Ca2+ channel blockers.
What would you think of a patient with gout + intellectual disability + lip-biting?
Lesch-Nyphan syndrome.
In what pathology would we see anti-histone antibodies?
Drug-induced lupus.
In what pathology would we see Psammoma bodies?
[PSMM]
- Papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid.
- Serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary.
- Meningioma.
- Mesothelioma.
In what pathology would we see lytic bone lesions on x-ray?
-Multiple myeloma.
What are the toxins for Strep pyogenes?
Streptolysin O: Hemolysis on blood agar plates, oxygen-labile.
Streptolysin S: Oxygen stable.
Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins type A, B, and C.: There are the erythrogenic toxins.
What are the symptoms of HUS?
Hemolytic uremic syndrome:
- Hemolytic anemia.
- Thrombocytopenia.
- Acute renal failure.
Which bacteria secrete enterotoxins?
[See You Caitlyn, Venturing Saturn’s Ecosystem]
- Staph aureus.
- Yersinia.
- Clostridium spp.
- Vibrio cholerae.
- Shigella.
- Enterotoxigenic E. Coli.
What is Charcot’s Neurological Triad?
[Charcot is a SIN]
- Scanning speech.
- Intention tremor.
- Nystagmus.
What organisms are most commonly implicated in subacute endocarditis?
- Viridans streptococci.
- Enterococci.
- Coagulase-negative Staph (Staph epidermidis).
Which bacteria is an obligate anaerobe and a G(+) spore-forming rod?
Clostridum species are obligate ANaerobes.
Why are aminoglycosides ineffective against G(+) anaerobes?
Because they are antibiotics that require oxygen to enter the bacterial cells.
What part of the basal ganglia, if lesioned, causes hypokinesia?
Substantia nigra pars compacta.
Which cytokines are produced by TH2 cells?
IL-4.
IL-5.
IL-10.
What neurotransmitted is depleted with MPTP exposure?
Dopamine: because MPTP is converted to MPP, which destroys the dopaminergic neurons in the substancia nigra.
A male patient present w/ involuntary flailing of one arm. Where is the lesion?
Hemiballismus. This is caused by lesion of the subthalamic nucleus on the contralateral side.
What nerve runs with anterior interosseous artery?
Anterior interosseous nerve.
What nerve runs with posterior interosseous artery?
Deep branch of the radial nerve.
What nerve runs with posterior circumflex artery?
Axillary nerve.
What nerve runs with suprascapular artery?
Suprascapular nerve.
What nerve runs with thoracodorsal artery?
Thoracodorsal nerve.
What nerve runs with the deep brachial artery?
Radial nerve.
What nerve runs with dorsal scapular artery?
Dorsal scapular nerve.
What nerve runs with lateral thoracic artery?
Long thoracic nerve.
What nerve runs with ulnar artery?
Ulnar nerve.
What nerve runs with brachial artery?
Median nerve.
What CSF changes are present in Guillain-Barre syndrome?
Increase in protein in CSF called Albumino-cytologic dissociation.
What can cause a rash on the palms and soles?
- Secondary syphilis.
- Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
- Coxsackie A virus.
- Kawasaki disease.
What nerve is most in risk in being damaged in a fibula neck fracture?
Deep peroneal nerve.
Which two muscles receptors are responsible for opening the sarcoplasmic reticulum in response to depolarization?
- Dihydropyridine receptor.
2. Ryanodine receptor.
What are the features of congenital syphilis?
- Snuffles (blood-tinged secretions).
- Saber shins (anterior bowing of the tibia).
- Frontal bossing (prominent forehead).
- Saddle nose deformity (flattening of the nasal bridge).
