Removal Exam Flashcards
The great iron catastrophe states that:
a. most of the iron for humans consumption was deposited in the BIFs
b. The majority of the world’s iron deposit went to the core
c. Iron in the form of sulfate and oxides
d. All of the Above
b. The majority of the world’s iron deposit went to the core
Based on the Bowen’s reaction series these two minerals shouldn’t coexist in the same rock:
a. quartz and feldspar
b. plagioclase and orthoclase
c. biotite and ca-rich plagioclase
d. quartz and olivine
d. quartz and olivine
In the selection below, which one is the most insignificant erosional agent?
a. water
b. wind
c. gravity
d. none of the above
b. wind
In the selection below, which process does not primarily form joints?
a. cooling
b. pressure relief
c. tectonic loading
d. vein filling
d. vein filling
This criteria indicates the uniformity of sediment size in the sedimentary rock:
a. sorting
b. sieving
c. sphericity
d. roundness
a. sorting
Based on the selection the most active volcanic belts in the?
a. mid-ocean ridge belt
b. circum-pacific ring
c. alpine-himalayan mountain belt
d. east african rift
b. circum-pacific ring
A cirque can be described as:
a. a bowl shaped depression at the upper reaches of the glacier
b. pointed mountain peak
c. glacial u shaped valley in where the sea meets the glacier
d. all of the above
a. a bowl shaped depression at the upper reaches of the glacier
These are knife-like ridges in between glaciers
a. arete
b. horn
c. cirque
d. fjord
a. arete
Which volcanoes have slopes rarely steeper than 10 degrees because they are composed mostly of low-viscosity lava flows?
a. shield volcanoes
b. lava tubes
c. cinder cones
d. basalt plateaus
a. shield volcanoes
An igneous rock that possesses a combination of minerals of markedly different sizes is:
a. natural gas
b. formed by explosive volcanism
c. a porphyry
d. produces by very rapid cooling
c. a porphyry
A tsunami is:
a. a part of a fault with a seismic gap
b. a precursor to an earthquake
c. a seismic sea wave
d. a particularly large and destructive earthquake
c. a seismic sea wave
P-wave is one in which:
a. movement is perpendicular to the direction of wave travel;
b. movement is only on earth’s surface;
c. movement is forward and back in the same directions the wave travels;
d. large sea waves are created by earthquake near shore
c. movement is forward and back in the same directions the wave travels;
Most earthquake take place in the:
a. spreading ridges zone
b. mediterranean-asian belt
c. rifts in continental interiors
d. circum-pacific belt
d. circum-pacific belt
An earthquake’s source of energy is located at the __________, but the location at the land surface above that point is called the _________.
a. Epicenter, focus
b. Hypocenter, fault
c. Focus, epicenter
d. Fault, hypocenter
c. Focus, epicenter
What step is essential to the development of an angular unconformity?
a. initial deposition of layers
b. uplift and tilting
c. erosion
d. deposition after erosion
b. uplift and tilting
Which is the order of increasing coarser grain size perfection of foliation?
a. gneiss> schist> phyllite> slate
b. phyllite> slate> schist> gneiss
c. schist> slate> gneiss> phyllite
d. slate> phyllite> schist> gneiss
d. slate> phyllite> schist> gneiss
The interactions among the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere are major contribution to:
a. the generation of magma
b. mountain building
c. weathering of earth materials
d. continental and oceanic crusts
c. weathering of earth materials
Plates are composed of:
a. the crust and upper mantle
b. the asthenosphere and the solid portion of the upper mantle
c. the crust and asthenosphere
d. continental and oceanic crust
d. continental and oceanic crust
Plate movement is thought to be the result of:
a. density differences between the mantle and core
b. rotation of the mantle around the core
c. gravitational forces
d. convection cells
d. convection cells
Rocks resulting from the crystallization of magma are:
a. igneous
b. metamorphic
c. sedimentary
d. migmatites
a. igneous
Which of the following is an example of divergent plate boundary?
a. Andes mountain of the south america
b. The philippine fault
c. Mid-atlantic ridge
d. The hawaiian islands
c. Mid-atlantic ridge
The premise that the present geologic processes have operated throughout geologic time is the principle of:
a. continental drift
b. uniformitarianism
c. earth’s systems
d. plate tectonics
b. uniformitarianism
The person credited developing the continental drift hypothesis is:
a. Wilson
b. Wegener
c. Hess
d. du Toit
b. Wegener
The name of the supercontinent that formed from all landmasses on Earth is:
a. Laurasia
b. Pangaea
c. Gondwana
d. Atlantis
b. Pangaea
A pyramidal structure consisting of four oxygen atoms and one silicon atom is known as the:
a. oxygen-silicon ion
b. silica tetrhedron ion
c. carbonate pyramid
d. oxided building block
b. silica tetrhedron ion
An igneous rock having a composition of diorite and very large mineral crystals is:
a. basalt
b. pegmatite
c. obsidian
d. rhyolite
b. pegmatite
Which of the following pairs of igneous rocks have the same mineral composition?
a. granite-basalt
b. basalt-gabbro
c. peridotite-rhyollite
d. pumice-basalt
b. basalt-gabbro
The size of the mineral grains composing an igneous rock is a useful criteria for determining whether the rock is and/or:
a. discordant/concordant
b. vesicular/ fragmental
c. prophyritic/ felsic
d. plutonic/ volcanic
d. plutonic/ volcanic
Which of the following is a discordant pluton?
a. sill
b. laccolith
c. lava flow
d. dike
d. dike
Its a zone of many individual faults and fractures, their splay is called:
a. fault splays
b. fault system
c. fault zone
d. b and c only
b. fault splay
Which hypothesis states that as strain builds up, it overcomes friction to cause an earthquake?
a. isostacy
b. elastic rebound model
c. tectonic earthquake
d. elastic deformation
b. elastic rebound model
Emplaced bodies of ophiolites in an island-arc setting like in the Philippines occur in:
a. collision zones
b. supra-subduction zones
c. MOR
d. all of the above
b. supra-subduction zones
Which of the following might provide evidence that a fault zone exists in an area?
a. lines of lineaments on the surface of the earth as seen from above the zone
b. streams that are offset or end abruptly
c. third layers of rock that were originally horizontal
d. offset rock layers
e. all of these
e. all of these
Earthquakes that occur along the faults are created when:
a. melted rock is erupted along the fault zone
b. stress builds up until rocks break
c. the earth shifts and moves along the fractures
d. b and c
b. stress builds up until rocks break
What evidence proved that south america, africa, india, and australia were once covered by glaciers?
a. leftover portion of glaciers
b. cold climates
c. glacial deposits and rock surfaces scarred by glaciers
d. enormous valley formed by glaciers
c. glacial deposits and rock surfaces scarred by glaciers
What happens to rock around a subduction slab?
a. it combines with other rocks
b. it disappears from earth
c. it goes over the other plate
d. it goes under the other plate
d. it goes under the other plate
It refers to the presence of individual faults within an area of complex deformation.
a. fault system
b. fault zone
c. fault
d. fault types
b. fault zone
In the selection below, which one is iron the pyroxene?
a. enstatite
b. ferrosillite
c. augite
d. diopside
b. ferrosillite
In the selection below, which one an iron the olivine?
a. forsterite
b. fayalite
c. tephroite
d. monticellite
b. fayalite
Which silicate group is where olivine belong?
a. inosilicate
b. nesolicate
c. sorosilicate
d. phyllosilicate
b. nesolicate
Which silicate group is where most clay minerals and mica belong?
a. inosilicate
b. nesolicate
c. sorosilicate
d. phyllosilicate
d. phyllosilicate
Based on the metamorphic facies diagram, where would blueschist most likely will occur?
a. subduction zone
b. contact metamorphism
c. regional metamorphism
d. cataclastics
a. subduction zone
Based on the metamorphic facies diagram, where would hornfels most likely will occur?
a. subduction zone
b. contact metamorphism
c. regional metamorphism
d. all of the above
b. contact metamorphism
The source of heat for the formation of greenschist is most likely coming from:
a. subduction related
b. volcanism
c. geothermal gradient
d. all of the above
b. volcanism
In the selection below, which mineral would indicate the metamorphism of the highest grade?
a. garnet
b. kyanite
c. biotite
d. sillimanite
b. kyanite
Metamorphism of a calcareous sandstone would result into?
a. marble
b. quartzite
c. limestone
d. marl
a. marble
Metamorphism rock consisting chiefly of quartz:
a. quartz-schist
b. quartzite
c. gneiss
d. hornfels
b. quartzite
Metamorphic rock created by high voltage electricity:
a. impactite
b. tempestite
c. olistoliths
d. fulgurite
e. none of the above
d. fulgurite
This texture can be produced by plutons exhibiting equigranular grain size with less than 50% relatively larger sizes
a. porphyry
b. porphyritic
c. phaneritic
d. all of the above
b. porphyritic
A peridotite with composed of at least 90% olivine:
a. dunite
b. wehrlite
c. harzburgite
d. lherzolite
a. dunite
These are cartilaginous jawed fish, first appearing in the Silurian Period
a. Chondrichthyes
b. Osteichthyes
c. Sarcopterygii
d. Actinopterygii
a. Chondrichthyes
These are circular, geochemical markers for exploration
a. aureoles
b. geochemical halos
c. alterations
d. soil sampling
b. geochemical halos
Dendritic drainage pattern indicates that:
a. underlying lithology is uniform
b. structurally controlled stream
c. basin like shape
d. conical mountain
a. underlying lithology is uniform
These are areas where erosion is typically, usually where water may accumulate:
a. floodplain
b. cutbank
c. meander
d. base level
a. floodplain
This process is where river abandons its channel rapidly to for a new one
a. aggradation
b. propagation
c. avulsion
d. progradation
c. avulsion
This geomorphological process is where mature river returns to a younger stream by tectonic processes, sea level changes, etc.
a. aggradation
b. propagation
c. progradation
d. rejuvination
d. rejuvination
These are elements that compose mostly of earth’s crust
a. siderophile
b. lithophile
c. atmophile
d. chalcophile
b. lithophile
These are elements that compose mostly of metal-sulfides:
a. siderophile
b. lithophile
c. atmophile
d. chalcophile
d. chalcophile
This magmatic differentiation process indicates that magma evolves as minerals precipitate.
a. fractional crystallization
b. assimilation
c. magma mixing
d. all of the above
a. fractional crystallization
These are elements where concentrations decrease as there is an increase in melting.
a. incompatible elements
b. compatible elements
c. nickel and chromium
d. cobalt and vanadium
a. incompatible elements
These are geologically old species, where there are minimal changes to the physical appearance of the specie through time
a. trace fossils
b. index fossil
c. living fossils
d. all of the above
c. living fossils
The following are the criteria for index fossils except:
a. easily recognizable
b. abundant
c. wide geographic distribution
d. complete
d. complete
The following geophysical properties will be detected by electrical techniques, except:
a. conductivity
b. resistance
c. water bodies
d. open spaces
e. density
e. density
This is the oldest intrusion in the Philippines:
a. toledo diorite
b. lutopan diorite
c. cebu andesite
d. talamban diorite
b. lutopan diorite
This is the agreed age of the Philippine fault
a. oligo-miocene
b. cretaceous
c. plio-pleistocene
d. quaternary
c. plio-pleistocene
This is the “age of the Philippine gold” among explorationists
a. oligo-miocene
b. cretaceous
c. plio-pleistocene
d. quaternary
a. oligo-miocene
The appearance of this delta is due to being a river dominated delta:
a. arcuate delta
b. birds foot delta
c. estuarine
d. truncated
a. arcuate delta
b. birds foot delta
This is synsedimentary structure caused by a landslide:
a. olistolith
b. olistostrome
c. melange
d. slump
d. slump
This is a collective term for “chaotic” deposits, it may be caused by a supra-subduction, submarine landslide, and emplacement:
a. olistolith
b. olistostrome
c. melange
d. slump
b. olistostrome
Elements that the ionic radii are small enough to fit into the spaces along crystallographic sites.
a. compatible elements
b. incompatible elements
c. pathfinder elements
d. rare earth elements
a. compatible elements
Elements used as exploration markers, which have no necessary economic value
a. compatible elements
b. incompatible elements
c. pathfinder elements
d. rare earth elements
c. pathfinder elements
This fractional crystallization method is where magma begins to crystallize from the outer parts of the magma chamber to inward:
a. crystal settling
b. crystal floating
c. inward crystallization
d. filter pressing
c. inward crystallization
These are the evidence for magma mixing except one:
a. mingling of magmas
b. disequilibrium of mineral assemblages
c. reverse zoning in mineral assemblage
d. all of the above
.
Fossil that are composed of footprints, burrows, and excreta
a. index fossils
b. trace fossils
c. living fossils
d. all of the above
b. trace fossils
The geoscientist who first published the geological map of britian
a. william smith
b. nicholas steno
c. james hutton
d. charles darwin
a. william smith
What is the application of stress?
a. deformation
b. force
c. strain
d. earthquake
c. strain
The Philippine Fault Zone is a __?
a. sinistral fault
b. dextral fault
c. normal fault
d. reverse fault
a. sinistral fault
Subduction zones are usually associated with ______
a. trenches
b. volcanic arcs
c. active plate margins
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Which one is an unconformity?
a. overburden overlying an eroded crest of an anticline
b. a batholith intrusion on younger bedrocks
c. a huge jump in ages of strata
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
What is the major force of erosion in the marine environments?
a. turbidites
b. turbidity currents
c. wind
d. suspension
b. turbidity currents
A precursor to a Volcanic Island
a. Guyot
b. Seamounts
c. Atolls
d. Abyssal plain
b. Seamounts
Why are there volcanoes on both western and eastern seaboards of the Philippines?
a. The PFZ traverse the whole archipelago
b. Plenty of faulting on both
c. Active Philippine mobile belt
d. Trenches on both sides
c. Active Philippine mobile belt
A fault with an upthrown footwall
a. reverse fault
b. normal fault
c. thrust fault
d. dextral fault
a. reverse fault
The part of an active margin where it scrapes off the surface of the oceanic crust
a. accretionary wedge
b. oceanic crust terrane
c. melange
d. turbidites
a. accretionary wedge
Theory that states “when stress exceeds the rock’s internal strength, there will be a sudden release of energy”
a. isostacy
b. elastic rebound theory
c. plate tectonics
d. continental drift
b. elastic rebound theory
Evaporites are formed through __________.
a. evaporation of metal-rich hydrothermal fluids in fractures
b. precipitation of vein minerals
c. evaporation of a supersaturated aqueous solution in the surface
d. Deposition of terrigenous sediments
c. evaporation of a supersaturated aqueous solution in the surface
What are oozes?
a. suspended terrigenous sediments, deposited in deep sea basins
b. terrigenous sediments with a muddy consistency
c. calcareous/siliceous microorganism which die out and sink in the bottom with muddy consistency
d. all of the above
b. terrigenous sediments with a muddy consistency
The process of a continent acquiring a volcanic island arc through subduction.
a. terrane acquisition
b. accretion
c. subduction
d. isostasy
a. terrane acquisition
The footwall of two normal faults.
a. horst
b. graben
c. horse
d. splay
a. horst
A fold that leans towards one side.
a. recumbent
b. overturned
c. asymmetrical
d. monocline
b. overturned
Why are volcanic island arcs, almost impossible to subduct?
a. Their composition is almost the same as oceanic crusts
b. their composition is almost the same as continental crust
c. They are basaltic
d. They have atolls
a. Their composition is almost the same as oceanic crusts
A fault that has little or no vertical movement
a. strike-slip fault
b. oblique fault
c. normal fault
d. thrust fault
a. strike-slip fault
A result of brittle deformation
a. solid flow
b. break
c. ductile deformation
d. melting
b. break
A result of brittle deformation
a. solid flow
b. break
c. ductile deformation
d. melting
b. break
How did they discover liquid outer core?
a. P-waves cannot travel through liquid
b. S-waves cannot travel through liquid
c. Love waves cannot travel through liquid
d. Rayleigh waves cannot travel liquid
b. S-waves cannot travel through liquid
What is the composition of the upper mantle?
a. basalt
b. gabbro
c. peridotite
d. diorite
c. peridotite
How thick is the earth (surface to core)
a. 6620 km
b. 13240 km
c. 2900 km
d. 660 km
c. 2900 km
Fossils that represent a certain period of time in the geologic time scale
a. ichnofossils
b. trace fossils
c. index fossils
d. trilobites
c. index fossils
A structure with cross-section of an anticline in all directions
a. basin
b. mountain
c. antiform
d. domes
d. domes
It is mined for a profit
a. mineral deposit
b. ore
c. metallic mineral
d. petroleum
b. ore
The deepest trench in the world consists of?
a. pacific plate and philippine sea plate
b. philippine sea plate and eurasian plate
c. pacific plate and the north american plate
d. pacific plate and the south american plate
a. pacific plate and philippine sea plate
Oceanic crust us older near the oceanic ridges, and oldest near the subduction zone?
a. continental drift
b. paleomagnetism
c. seafloor spreading
d. convection current
c. seafloor spreading
An aphanitic felsic rock
a. rhyolite
b. granite
c. andesite
d. diorite
a. rhyolite
Select one that does not belong to the group:
a. Philippine Islands
b. Marianas Islands
c. Andes mountains
d. Hawaiian Islands
d. Hawaiian Islands
What theory stated that “the higher the mountain, the deeper the roots?”
a. Elastic rebound
b. Sea floor spreading
c. Plate tectonics
d. Pratt’s theory of isostasy
c. Plate tectonics
What is Richter Scale?
a. measure of the magnitude
b. logarithmic
c. use of seismology
d. both a and c only
a. measure of the magnitude
These are narrow and deep valleys not associated with subduction
a. submarine rivers
b. submarine canyons
c. trenches
d. deep sea fans
b. submarine canyons
What is a stream that suddenly enters a subterranean karst drainage system?
a. losing streams
b. gaining streams
c. disappearing streams
d. ephemeral streams
d. ephemeral streams
The No. 8 in the Moh’s scale of hardness?
a. diamond
b. quartz
c. orthoclase
d. topaz
d. topaz
What deformation permanently changes the size and shape of rocks without breaking?
a. plastic deformation
b. elastic deformation
c. brittle deformation
d. solid flow
a. plastic deformation
A marine sediments that is wrapped around by Fe/ Mn/ Mg or any other metals
a. black smokers
b. volcanic sediments
c. manganese nodules
d. oozes
c. manganese nodules
A depressed structure, with the rocks becoming older as it goes outwards in all directions
a. syncline
b. synform
c. dome
d. basin
d. basin
How did earth scientists describe the timing and agreements of events for the geologic time scale?
a. Large scale geologic events
b. Mass extinctions
c. Changes in paleoenvironments
d. Dominant species
e. all of the above
e. all of the above
Terrigenous sediments is composed mostly of _________.
a. oozes
b. plant and animal remains
c. mineral matter
d. evaporites
c. mineral matter
How many seismic stations at minimum are needed to locate the focus of an earthquake?
a. 1
b. 3
c. 5
d. 2
b. 3
Where so most deep-focused earthquake occur?
a. along divergent boundaries
b. collision zones
c. subduction zones
d. volcanoes
c. subduction zones
A rock that has coarse-grained clasts, cemented on a fine-grained matrix.
a. conglomerate
b. sandstone
c. andesite porphyry
d. shale
a. conglomerate
Energy source that is associated with hot springs and geysers.
a. hydroelectric
b. geothermal
c. petroleum
d. radioactive decay
b. geothermal
The method that surveys the ocean floor
a. bathymetry
b. surveying
c. oceanography
d. geology
a. bathymetry
Intensity of an earthquake refers to?
a. amount of ground shaking, damage, and effect to a community
b. energy released by an earthquake
c. logarithmic
d. both b and c
a. amount of ground shaking, damage, and effect to a community
Intensity of an earthquake refers to?
a. amount of ground shaking, damage, and effect to a community
b. energy released by an earthquake
c. logarithmic
d. both b and c
a. amount of ground shaking, damage, and effect to a community
It is the zone where most deep focused earthquake occurs?
a. seismically active areas
b. wadati-benioff zone
c. mohovericic discontinuity
d. fault zone
b. wadati-benioff zone
The flattest part of the ocean covers 50% of the earth.
a. continental shelf
b. continental rise
c. continental slope
d. abyssal plain
d. abyssal plain
A pyrite is a ___________.
a. silicate
b. sulfate
c. sulfide
d. oxide
c. sulfide
T or F. Mid-ocean ridge are the longest geological feature on earth
T
T or F. Oceanic crust are composed mainly of SiAl-ic Minerals.
F. Continental crust
T or F. Volcanic island arcs are too buoyant, that it can be easily subducted
F. Hard to subduct
T or F. Terrane is the topography of land surface
F. Terrain
T or F. Joints show appreciable displacement.
F. Faults
T or F. The crest is the lowest portion of a fold
F. wave
T or F. All anticlines are antifomrs, but not all antiforms are anticlines.
T
T or F. Stress is the result of strain
T
T or F. Oceanic crust and hot spots are derived from the mantle
T
T or F. A graben is the footwall of normal faults
F. Horst
