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What does the NA+K+ Pump do?
Sodium (NA+) 3 goes out and potassium (K+) 2 in, requiring ATP.
What is the role of active transport in secondary transport?
It creates a concentration gradient that secondary transport uses.
What are the three types of transport?
- Uniport: one molecule moves in one direction.
- Symport: two molecules move in the same direction.
- Antiport: two molecules move in opposite directions.
What is endocytosis?
A process that takes materials from the outside to create vesicles.
What is pinocytosis?
A type of endocytosis that use small particles and absorb liquid from the environment.
What is phagocytosis?
A type of endocytosis that use large particles to protect the body like on the immune system
What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?
A process that captures specific molecules to create vesicles using receptors.
Define osmosis.
The net movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from a lower solute concentration to a higher solute concentration.
What does isotonic mean?
No change; concentrations of solute are the same.
What does hypertonic mean?
Higher solute concentration outside, causing blood cells to shrink.
What does hypotonic mean?
Lower solute concentration outside, causing blood cells to swell.
What does ATP+C-AMP signify?
Adenyl cycle.
What does GTP+C-GMP signify?
Guanyl cycle.
yellow marrow
found on arm and legs, has fat
red marrow
ribs,pelvis (active blood production) bones are mostly red
types of bones
compact bone 75% matrix and spongy 20-25% less matrix
types of bones on collagen fibers.
lamellar collagen in sheet (mature bone)
woven fibers randomly placed (immature bone)
compact bone is made of ?
osteons
bones structures
osteoblasts: bone matrix
osteoclasts: break down bone
osteocytes: less active from osteoblast
matrix is made of
calcium and phosphorus= hydroxapatite
layers of skin
epidermis (externa)
dermis (middle)
hypodermis (deppest)
epidermis fases
melanocytes and langerhans cells
dermis fases
hair follicles, sweat glands and sensory receptors
signal nerve cells phases
receive signal
integrate incoming signal
relay signals to other cells
1)myelinated
2) unmylenited which one is faster and slower
1) faster
2) slower
what happen on the steady state
the neuron is resting, inside k+ is more negative than the outside na+
excitable cells can change the ?
resting membrane potential (rmp)
graded potential
can be depolarizing and hyper polarizing depend on what ion channel is open either chemical or mechanically
action potential
all or none phenomenon, depolarizing only, can cause opening voltage channel, long distance signaling
the grater the stimulus the grater the frequency
action potential
the grater the stimulus the grater the magnitude of response
graded potential
depolarize
less negative . positive
hyperpolarize
negative
continuos conduct occurs on
unmyelinated neuron 2-5m so is slower
saltatory conduction occurs in
inmyelinated neuron 6-120m so is faster
action potential propagation phases
resting state, depolarization phase, repolarization, aferpotential
nervous system 2 major divisions
CNS ( central nervous system system)
PNS ( peripheral nerv system)
gray matter means
area with many neurons cell bodies, before doing an action
white matter means
areas with more axons, the action
ganglion is found on
PNS and is out the CNS
cells of nerve system
neuroglia, microglia, ependymal
produce myelins on PNS
Schwann cells
produce myelins on CNS
oligodendrocytes
cover neurons cell bodies of
satellite cells PNS (peropheral nerv system)
