Remedies for Fourth Amendment Violations Flashcards

1
Q

Remedies

A

1) Exclusionary Rule
2) Fruit of the Poisonous Tree
3) Independent Source
4) Inevitable Discovery

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2
Q

Policy for Exclusionary Rule:

A

◊ Deterrence for officers
◊ Needs of Federalism
} If easier to get stuff in State court it would reduce the deterrent effect
◊ Judicial Integrity
} Tainting proceeding
◊ 5A support for not using evidence against a D

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3
Q

Policy Against Exclusionary Rule:

A
◊ Judicial Integrity
	} Shouldn’t all evidence be put forth to the jury for ascertainment of truth
◊ State should make the call
◊ No explicit 4A remedy in Const.
-Doesn't actually deter police conduct
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4
Q

Exclusionary Rule is Concerned with:

A

Privacy

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5
Q

Standing for Exclusionary Rule:

A

® Only applies to:
◊ The D in a Crim case
◊ When personal 4A rights have been violated
◊ Where the D had privacy in the place searched
-Mere ownership of evidence is not enough

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6
Q

REOP in another person’s home under Exclusionary Rule?

A

-Doesn’t apply if going to house on business (commercial nature not protected)
® Overnight guest has a reasonable expectation of privacy
◊ Sleeping is the important factor

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7
Q

REOP in another person’s car under Exclusionary Rule?

A

® Guns/bullets found in car, which were not owned by driver and passenger (including the car), cannot be excluded because their 4A rights weren’t violated bcuz it wasn’t their car, bullets, or guns.
◊ Mere presence doesn’t grant standing
◊ Product of unlawful seizure, not unlawful search

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8
Q

REOP in another person’s belongings (such as a purse) under Exclusionary Rule?

A

D had no privacy in the womens purse where he stashed the drugs, therefore he had no expectation of privacy

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9
Q

Fruit of Poisonous Tree Analysis

A

® Did the illegality cause police to find the evidence that the claimant seeks to suppress?
◊ Has the taint attenuated?
◊ Is there an independence source argument?
◊ Can the police argue inevitable discovery?

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10
Q

Factors in determining if the taint attenuated

A

} Length of time between illegal act and obtaining evidence
} Physical Distance?
} Flagrancy of Illegal Act and Officers Conduct
} Presence of intervening causes
} Presence or absence of coercion and free will in obtaining evidence
} Disconnect between violation and suppression as a remedy

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11
Q

Police search Leonard’s home illegally. They find no evidence of crime there, but they do find, on a slip of paper, the address to Joan’s home. Joan was not previously a suspect. Police go immediately to Joan’s home, and search it illegally as well. There they find drugs and documents that Joan and Leonard are engaged in a narcotics conspiracy. Which is true?

A. At Joan’s trial, the court will suppress the slip of paper.

B. At Leonard’s trial, the court will suppress the drugs and documents

A

B. At Leonard’s trial, the court will suppress the drugs and documents

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12
Q

Good faith Analysis - Not going to apply good faith when?

A

a) Falsified affidavit
b) Judicial officer “wholly abandoned judicial role”
c) So lacking of PC and facially deficient, that a reasonable officer could not rely upon on good faith
i) Cant lie about facts or omit

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13
Q

Evidence seized as a result of an illegal arrest…

A

is the fruit of the poisonous tree

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14
Q

Independent Source Doctrine

A

◊ Whether the search pursuant to the warrant was a genuinely independent source of information and tangible evidence
◊ There was a concern whether police will fabricate an independent source like a tip (But this will piss a judge off)

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15
Q

Deterrence

A

◊ This is discussed in every case

-Independent Source Doctrine has a deterrent value

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16
Q

1st Seizure BAD, 2nd Seizure has a warrant. How will the 2nd seizure survive?

A

2nd Seizure with warrant potentially OK, even thought the 1st was bad, because there was an independent basis for the 2nd search that wasn’t wholly from the 1st.

17
Q

Broad Interpretation of Inevitable Discovery Doctrine, Nix:

A

® Expands inevitable discovery doctrine
® Police found body from illegally obtained confession
◊ Court said that it was inevitable to find because there were already police somewhat nearby searching (but really how likely)
} An argument is the amount of recourses police were using to find body

18
Q

Remedy and analysis for violating a knock-and-announce (not waiting the 15-20 seconds)

A

® No suppression, police had a warrant so they would have gone in anyway
® Purpose of knock and announce
◊ The privacy interest in knock-and-announce is to provide you time to collect yourself before a breach into your home - violence
◊ Officer protection
◊ Gives people a chance to open a door to protect property
® Weighed social costs v privacy interest
◊ It isn’t worth suppressing with such a minimal invasion

19
Q

Goodfaith/Objective Test - when a warrant fails because it lacks PC, when will we not apply exclusionary rule?

A

-exclusion does not apply
® Court does not apply exclusionary rule because you can’t punish the officer for the magistrates mistake
-Purpose of exclusionary rule is to deter police, not magistrates

20
Q

When Will Police Survive under Goodfaith?

A

1) When magistrate makes the mistake

2) When clerks office makes mistake

21
Q

When willpolice fail goodfaith?

A

Police Mistake

22
Q

How is liability against police limited under Goodfaith? i i.e. Herring case where there was a mistake by another police department

A

Law enforcement mistake by another police department, but no exclusion because of negligence and not systematic error or reckless disregard

23
Q

Does the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule apply to a search that was authorized by precedent at the time of the search but is subsequently ruled unconstitutional? (Davis)

A

□ Police relied on Belton case and followed it in good-faith

® No benefit of deterrence when police are following supreme court even when the precedent changes

24
Q

Other Remedies

A
® Injunctions
® Criminal Prosecution
® Damage Remedies
	◊ Difficulties in that violations only amount to nominal damages and the plaintiffs aren't very sympathetic
	◊ Immunity issues
® Administrative/Political