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Remedies Flashcards

1
Q

Topics? (2)

(Legal Remedies - Damages & Restitution)

A
  1. Contracts
  2. Torts
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2
Q

Topics? (2)

(Legal Remedies - Damages & Restitution: Contracts)

A
  1. Legal Damages
  2. Restitutionary Remedies
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3
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Structure?

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(Legal Remedies - Damages & Restitution: Contracts: Legal Damages)

A
  1. Compensatory Damages = Expectation Interest
    1. Measure
    2. Requirements
      1. Causation Foreseeability
      2. Certainty
      3. Unavoidable (Duty to Mitigate)
    3. Consequential Damages
      1. Naturally Arose From Breach
  2. Nominal Damages
  3. Punitive Damages
    1. Exception: Characterize Breach as Tort
  4. Liquidated Damages Clause
    1. Requirements
      1. Actual Damages Difficult to Estimate
      2. Reasonable Forecast
    2. Cannot Be a Penalty
    3. Either Or Liquidated Damages Clauses = INVALID
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4
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Structure?

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(Legal Remedies - Damages & Restitution: Contracts: Restitutionary Remedies)

A
  1. Quasi-Contract
    1. Unenforceable Contract
      1. Value of Benefit Conferred
      2. Not Limited to Contract Rate
      3. Recovery of Property
        1. Property Unique, OR
        2. Defendant Insolvent
    2. Material Breach
      1. Nonbreaching Party = Value of Benefit Conferred
      2. Not Limited to Contract Rate
      3. Recovery of Property
        1. Property Unique, OR
        2. Defendant Insolvent
    3. Breaching Party
      1. Common Law = NO
      2. Modern Trend = Value of Benefit Conferred - Damages
        1. Limited to Contract Rate
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5
Q

Topics?

(Legal Remedies - Damages & Restitution: Torts)

A
  1. Legal Remedies
  2. Restitutionary Remedies = Unjust Enrichment
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6
Q

Topics? (3)

(Legal Remedies - Damages & Restitution: Torts: Legal Remedies)

A
  1. Compensatory Damages
  2. Nominal Damages
  3. Punitive
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7
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Structure?

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(Legal Remedies - Damages & Restitution: Torts: Legal Remedies: Compensatory Damages)

A
  1. Requirements
    1. Actual Cuase = But For Test
    2. Proximate Cause = Foreseeability
      1. Exception: Egg-Shell Plaintiff
    3. Certainty
      1. Past Damages
      2. Future Damages
      3. Special Damages = Yes
      4. General Damages = NO
    4. Unavoidable = Duty to Mitigate
  2. Calculation of Compensatory Damages
    1. Lump Sum Payment
    2. Must Discount to Present Value
    3. Inflation Irrelevant
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8
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Structure?

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(Legal Remedies - Damages & Restitution: Torts: Legal Remedies: Punitive Damages)

A
  1. Requirements
    1. Attached to Compensatory, Nominal, or Restitutionary Damages
    2. Wanton, Willful, or Malicious Conduct
  2. Constitutional Limitations
    1. Must be relatively proportionate to Actual Damages
      1. Single Digit Ratio
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9
Q

Topics? (2)

(Legal Remedies - Damages & Restitution: Torts: Restitutionary Remedies = Unjust Enrichment: Legal Restitutionary Remedies)

A
  1. Replevin = Personal Property
  2. Ejectment = Real Property
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10
Q

Topics? (2)

(Legal Remedies - Damages & Restitution: Torts: Restitutionary Remedies = Unjust Enrichment)

A
  1. Calculation = Reasonable Value Conferred to the Defendant
  2. Legal Restitutionary Remedies
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11
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Structure?

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(Legal Remedies - Damages & Restitution: Torts: Restitutionary Remedies = Unjust Enrichment: Legal Restitutionary Remedies: Replevin = Personal Property)

A
  1. Elements
    1. Right to Possession
    2. Wrongful Withholding
  2. Timing = Available Before Trial
    1. Plaintiff Must Post Bond
    2. Defenant Can Defeat Right by Posting Redelivery Bond
  3. Damages
    1. Recovery
    2. Compensatory
    3. Restitutionary
  4. Subsequent Bona Fide Purchaser Cuts Off Right of Replevin
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12
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Structure?

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(Legal Remedies - Damages & Restitution: Torts: Restitutionary Remedies = Unjust Enrichment: Legal Restitutionary Remedies: Ejectment = Real Property)

A
  1. Elements
    1. Right to Possession
    2. Wrongful Withholding & Possession
  2. Damages
    1. Recovery
    2. Compensatory
    3. Restitutionary
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13
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Structure?

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(Equitable Remedies for Torts: Equitable Restitutionary Remedies)

A
  1. Requirements
    1. Legal Remedies Inadequate
    2. Defendant Has Wrongfully Acquired Title to Property
  2. Constructive Trust
    1. Use When?
    2. Property Appreciates
    3. Property Solely Traceable
  3. Equitable Lien
    1. Use When?
      1. Property Depreciates
      2. Defendant’s Property Improved With Plaintiff’s Property
      3. Property Not Solely Traceable
    2. Deficiencyjudgment = Sale Proceeds < FMV
  4. Miscellaneous
    1. Tracing Permitted
    2. Plaintiff > Unsecured Creditor
      1. Exception: Deficiency Judgment
    3. Bona Fide Purchaser > Plaintiff
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14
Q

Types? (3)

(Equitable Remedies for Torts: Equitable Restitutionary Remedies: Injunctions)

A
  1. Permanent Injunction
  2. Preliminary Injunction
  3. Temporary Restraining Order (TRO)
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15
Q

Topics?

(Equitable Remedies for Torts: Equitable Restitutionary Remedies: Injunctions: Permanent Injunction)

A
  1. Elements
  2. Defenses
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16
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Structure?

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(Equitable Remedies for Torts: Equitable Restitutionary Remedies: Injunctions: Permanent Injunction: Elements)

A
  1. Inadequate Legal Remedy
    1. Monetary Damages Inadequate
      1. Too Speculative
      2. Defendant Insolvent
      3. Irreparable Injury, OR
      4. Multiplicity of Litigation
    2. Replevin Unavailable
    3. Ejectment Unavailable
  2. Property Right or Protectable Personal Interest Requirement
    1. Traditional Rule = Property Right
    2. Modern Rule = Protectable Personal Interest
  3. Feasibility of Enforcement
    1. Negative Injunction = Enforcement Feasible
    2. Mandatory Injunction = Enforcement Problematic
      1. Great Taste, Skill or judgment = Unenforceable
      2. Series of Acts Over Period of Time = Unenforceable
      3. Out-of-State Action
        1. Resident Defendant = Enforceable
        2. Non-Resident Defendant = Unenforceable
  4. Balance of Hardship
    1. Minority View = Strict
      1. Exceptions
        1. Nuisance
        2. Trespass to Land
    2. Majority View = More Liberal
      1. Gross Disparity = Monetary Damages
      2. Intentional Conduct = No Balancing
      3. Hardship to Public Also Considered
      4. Denial of Injunction = Monetary Damages
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17
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Structure?

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(Equitable Remedies for Torts: Equitable Restitutionary Remedies: Injunctions: Permanent Injunction: Defenses)

A
  1. Laches
    1. Cause of Action Begins to Run When Plaintiff Has Knowledge of Injury
  2. Unclean Hands
    1. Maxims of Equity = One Who Comes Into Equity Must Come with Clean Hands
    2. Related to Subject Matter of Suit
  3. Freedom of Speech
    1. Defamation
    2. False Light
    3. Private Life
  4. Freedom of Association
  5. Sought Against Criminal Act
    1. Exception: Crime = Tort
  6. Sought Against Prosecution of a Crime = Irreparable Harm
    1. Exception: Criminal Statute Unconstitutional
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18
Q

Structure?

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(Equitable Remedies for Torts: Equitable Restitutionary Remedies: Injunctions: Preliminary Injunction)

A
  1. Purpose = Preserve the Status Quo
  2. Elements
    1. Substantial Likelihood of Success
    2. Substantial Threat of Irreparable Harm or Injury
    3. Balance of Harms
    4. Bond Required
    5. Notice Required
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19
Q

Structure?

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(Equitable Remedies for Torts: Equitable Restitutionary Remedies: Injunctions: TRO)

A
  1. Purpose = Preserve the Status Quo
  2. Elements
    1. Imminent & Irreparable Harm
    2. Necessary for Status Quo
    3. Maximum = 14 Days
    4. Bond Requirement
  3. Ex Parte Proceedings = OK
    1. Notice Not Required
    2. Adversarial Proceeding Not Required
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20
Q

Who are the parties bound? (3)

(Equitable Remedies for Torts: Equitable Restitutionary Remedies: Injunctions: Parties Bound)

A
  1. The Defendant
  2. Privies of the Parties with Notice
  3. 3rd Parties with Notice
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21
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Structure?

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(Equitable Remedies for Torts: Equitable Restitutionary Remedies: Injunctions: Enforcement of Injunctions)

A
  1. Civil Contempt = Coercion
    1. Fines
    2. Imprisonment
  2. Criminal Contempt = Punishment
    1. Fines
    2. Imprisonment
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22
Q

Topics? (2)

(Equitable Remedies for Contracts)

A
  1. Rescission
  2. Reformation
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23
Q

Topics? (3)

(Equitable Remedies for Contracts: Rescission)

A
  1. Grounds for Rescission
  2. Defenses
  3. Plaintiff’s Election of Remedies
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24
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Structure?

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(Equitable Remedies for Contracts: Rescission: Grounds for Rescission)

A
  1. Mistake
    1. Unilateral Mistake = NO
      1. Exceptions
        1. Non-Mistaken Party Knows or Should Have Known of Mistake
        2. Modern Exception: Undue Hardship for Mistaken Party
    2. Mutual Mistake = Both Parties are Mistaken
      1. Material Fact = Yes
      2. Collateral or Immaterial Fact = No
  2. Misrepresentation = Yes if Actual Reliance
  3. Undue Influence
  4. Lack of Capacity
  5. Lack of Consideration
  6. Coercion
  7. IllegaIity
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25
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Structure?

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(Equitable Remedies for Contracts: Rescission: Defenses)

A
  1. Valid Defenses
    1. Laches
    2. Unclean Hands
  2. Invalid Defenses
    1. Negligence of Plaintiff
26
Q

Two scenarios?

(Equitable Remedies for Contracts: Rescission: Plaintiff’s Election of Remedies)

A
  1. Plaintiff Sues for Damages First = RESCISSION NOT ALLOWED
  2. Plaintiff Sues for Rescission First = DAMAGES ALLOWED
27
Q

Topics? (4)

(Equitable Remedies for Contracts: Reformation)

A
  1. Valid Contract Required
  2. Grounds for Reformation
  3. Valid Defenses to Reformation
  4. Invalid Defenses to Reformation
28
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Structure?

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(Equitable Remedies for Contracts: Reformation: Grounds for Reformation)

A
  1. Mistake
    1. Unilateral Mistake = No
      1. Exception: Non-Mistaken Party Knows of Mistake
    2. Mutual Mistake = Yes
  2. Misrepresentation = Yes
29
Q

List? (3)

(Equitable Remedies for Contracts: Reformation: Valid Defenses to Reformation)

A
  1. Unclean Hands
  2. Laches
  3. Subsequent BFP
30
Q

List? (4)

(Equitable Remedies for Contracts: Reformation: Invalid Defenses to Reformation)

A
  1. Parol Evidence Rule
  2. Statute of Frauds
  3. Failure to Read
  4. Negligence of Plaintiff
31
Q

Requirements? (6)

(Equitable Remedies for Contracts - Specific Performance)

A
  1. Valid Contract
  2. Plaintiff’s Contractual Conditions Must Be Satisfied
  3. Legal Remedies Inadequate
  4. Mutuality
  5. Enforcement Feasible
  6. No Defenses
32
Q

Requirements? (4)

(Equitable Remedies for Contracts - Specific Performance: Valid Contract)

A
  1. Offer
  2. Acceptance
  3. Consideration
  4. Certain and Definite Terms
33
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Structure?

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(Equitable Remedies for Contracts - Specific Performance: Plaintiff’s Contractual Conditions Must Be Satisfied)

A
  1. Maxims of Equity = One Who Seeks Equity Must Do Equity
  2. How?
    1. Already Performed Under Contract
    2. Ready, Willing & Able to Perform, OR
    3. Performance Excused
  3. Time Is of the Essence Clause
    1. Maxims of Equity = Equity Abhors Forfeiture
  4. Deficiencies in Performance
    1. Plaintiff = Seller
      1. Minor Defect = Yes
      2. Material Defect = No Unless Cured
    2. Plaintiff = Buyer
    3. Abatement in Contract Price
34
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(Equitable Remedies for Contracts - Specific Performance: Legal Remedies Inadequate)

A
  1. Item Unique
    1. Personal Property = Generally Not Unique
      1. Exceptions
        1. Very Rare or One of a Kind
        2. Item Has Personal Significance to Buyer
        3. Unique Circumstances at Time of Litigation
    2. Land = Always Unique
      1. Specifc Performance Also Available for Selers
  2. Damages Too Speculative
  3. Defendant Insolvent, OR
  4. Multiplicity of Litigation
    1. Maxims of Equity = Equity Will Take jurisdiction to Avoid a Multiplicity of Suits
35
Q

Structure?

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(Equitable Remedies for Contracts - Specific Performance: Mutuality)

A
  1. Security of Performance Test
    1. Simultaneous Performance
36
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(Equitable Remedies for Contracts - Specific Performance: No Defenses)

A
  1. Equitable Defenses
    1. Unclean Hands
      1. Maxims of Equity = One Who Comes Into Equity Must Come with Clean Hands
      2. Related to Subject Matter of Suit
    2. Laches
    3. Unconscionability
      1. Requirements
        1. Inadequate Consideration
        2. Marked Inequality
        3. Unfair Advantage
      2. Assessed at Time of Formation
  2. Contract Defenses
    1. Mistake
      1. Unilateral Mistake
    2. Misrepresentation
      1. Misrepresentation by Nondisclosure
    3. Statute of Frauds
      1. Exception: Part Performance
        1. Valuable Part Performance
        2. In Reliance of the Contract
37
Q

Topics? (6)

(Sale of Land Contracts)

A
  1. Equitable Conversion
  2. Compensatory Damages
  3. Restitution
  4. Rescission
  5. Reformation
  6. Specific Performance
38
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Structure?

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(Sale of Land Contracts: Equitable Conversion)

A
  1. Upon Execution of Contract
  2. Definition
    1. Buyer = Real Property Interest
    2. Seller = Personal Property Interest
  3. Death After Equitable Conversion
    1. Seller
    2. Buyer
  4. Damages or Destruction After Equitable Conversion
    1. Majority View = Risk on Buyer
    2. Modern View = Risk on Seller
39
Q

Three requirements?

(Sale of Land Contracts: Specific Performance)

A
  1. Valid Contract
  2. Plaintiff’s Conditions Fulfilled
  3. Inadequate Legal Damages = Land Always Unique
40
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Structure?

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(Sale of Land Contracts: Specific Performance: Valid Contract)

A
  1. Statute of Frauds
    1. Exception: Part Performance on Land Sale Contract
      1. Valuable Part Performance
      2. In Reliance of the Contract
  2. Clear and Definite Terms
    1. Parties
    2. Definition of Property
    3. Time for Performance
    4. Purchase Price
41
Q

Structure?

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(Sale of Land Contracts: Specific Performance: Plaintiff’s Conditions Fulfilled)

A
  1. Time Is of the Essence Clauses
    1. Maxims of Equity = Equity Abhors Forfeiture
  2. Deficiencies in Performance
    1. Plaintiff = Seller
      1. Minor Defect = Yes
      2. Material Defect = No Unless Cured
    2. Plaintiff = Buyer
    3. Abatement of Purchase Price
42
Q

Topics? (2)

(Personal Property Ks, Construction Ks, & Personal Service Ks: Personal Property Contract)

A
  1. Non-UCC
  2. UCC
43
Q

Structure?

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(Personal Property Ks, Construction Ks, & Personal Service Ks: Personal Property Contract: Non-UCC)

A
  1. Compensatory Damages
  2. Restitution
  3. Rescission
  4. Reformation
  5. Specific Performance = Generally No
    1. Exceptions
      1. Very Rare or One of a Kind
      2. Item Has Personal Significance to Buyer
      3. Unique Circumstances at Time of Litigation
44
Q

Structure?

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(Personal Property Ks, Construction Ks, & Personal Service Ks: Personal Property Contract: UCC Remedies)

A
  1. Buyer’s Remedies
    1. Before Acceptance
      1. Cancel Contract = Cover or Market, OR
      2. Specific Performance = Unique Goods
    2. After Acceptance
      1. Keep Nonconforming Goods & Recover Consequential Damages, OR
      2. Revoke Contract for Material Uncured Breach = Cover or Market
  2. Seller’s Remedies
    1. Before Acceptance
      1. Resell & Recover Difference Between Contract Price & Resale Price
      2. Sue for Contract Price, OR
      3. Volume Seller = Lost Profits
    2. After Acceptance
      1. ​Sue for Contract Price
      2. Replevin
45
Q

Remedies Available? (3)

(Personal Property Ks, Construction Ks, & Personal Service Ks: Construction Contracts)

A
  1. Compensatory Damages
  2. Restitution
  3. Specific Performance = Owner Only
46
Q

Structure?

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(Personal Property Ks, Construction Ks, & Personal Service Ks: Personal Service Contracts)

A
  1. Compensatory Damages
  2. Restitution
  3. Specific Performance
    1. Personal Service Contracts = No
    2. Valid Non-Compete Covenants = Yes
      1. Valid If
        1. Must Protect Legitimate Interest
        2. Reasonable in Geographic & Durational Scope
47
Q

Sections? (4)

(Remedies for Specific Torts)

A
  1. Real Property
  2. Personal Property
  3. Personal Injuries
  4. Fraud
48
Q

Topics?

(Remedies for Specific Torts: Real Property)

A
  1. Trespass
  2. Encroachments
  3. Destruction or Injury
  4. Destruction or Interference with Easements
  5. Waste
  6. Nuisances
49
Q

Remedies? (3)

(Remedies for Specific Torts: Real Property: Trespass)

A
  1. Nominal Damages
  2. Restitutionary Damages
  3. Injunctive Relief
50
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Structure?

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      2. _
  3. _

(Remedies for Specific Torts: Real Property: Encroachments)

A
  1. Compensatory Damages
    1. Continuing Trespass
    2. Permanent Trespass
  2. Injunctive Relief
    1. Balance of Hardships
      1. Encroachment Inadvertent = YES
      2. Encroachment Willful = NO
  3. No Restitutionary Remedies
51
Q

Structure?

  1. _
    1. _
      1. _
    2. _
  2. _

(Remedies for Specific Torts: Real Property: Destruction or Injury)

A
  1. Compensatory Damages
    1. Injury
      1. Capped at Diminution
    2. Destruction
  2. Injunctive Relief
52
Q

Structure?

  1. _
    1. _
    2. _
  2. ​_

(Remedies for Specific Torts: Real Property: Destruction or Interference with Easements)

A
  1. Compensatory Damages
    1. Destruction
    2. Interference
  2. Injunctive Relief = Legal Remedy Inadequate
53
Q

Structure?

  1. _
    1. _
    2. _
  2. _
    1. _
    2. _

(Remedies for Specific Torts: Real Property: Waste)

A
  1. Voluntary Waste
    1. Compensatory Damages
    2. Injunctive Relief
  2. Permissive Waste
    1. Compensatory Damages
    2. Injunctive Relief Generally Not Available
54
Q

Remedies? (4)

(Remedies for Specific Torts: Real Property: Nuisances)

A
  1. Compensatory Damages
  2. Injunctive Relief
  3. No Restitutionary Remedies
  4. Coming to the Nuisance ≠ Defense
55
Q

Types? (3)

(Remedies for Specific Torts: Personal Property)

A
  1. Destruction
  2. Injury
  3. Dispossession
56
Q

Structure?

  1. _
    1. _

(Remedies for Specific Torts: Personal Property: Destruction)

A
  1. Compensatory Damages
    1. Exception: Income Producing Property = Lost Profit
57
Q

Structure?

  1. _
    1. _
    2. _

(Remedies for Specific Torts: Personal Property: Injury)

A
  1. Compensatory Damages
    1. Cost of Repair
    2. Diminution in Value
58
Q

Structure?

  1. _
    1. _
    2. _
  2. _
    1. _
    2. _
    3. _
    4. _
    5. _
  3. _
    1. _

(Remedies for Specific Torts: Personal Property: Dispossession)

A
  1. Compensatory Damages
    1. Conversion
    2. Minor Dispossession
  2. Restitutionary Damages
    1. Self-Help
    2. Replevin
    3. Quasi-Contract
    4. Constructive Trust
    5. Equitable Lien
  3. Equitable Remedies
    1. Injunctive Relief
59
Q

Structure?

  1. _
    1. _
    2. _
    3. _
      1. _
      2. _
      3. _
  2. _
  3. _

(Remedies for Specific Torts: Personal Injuries)

A
  1. Compensatory Damages
    1. Special Damages = Certainty Requirement
    2. General Damages = No Certainty Requirement
    3. General Damages = No Certainty Requirement
      1. Lump Sum Payment
      2. Must Discount to Present Value
      3. Inflation Irrelevant
  2. No Restitutionary Remedies
  3. Injunction - rarely awarded
60
Q

Structure?

  1. _
    1. _
    2. _
  2. _
    1. _
    2. _

(Remedies for Specific Torts: Fraud)

A
  1. Damages = Must Prove Actual Injury
    1. Consequential Damages
    2. Punitive Damages = Showing of Malice Required
  2. Restitution
    1. Constructive Trusts
    2. Equitable Liens

Bar Essays (15 decks)

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