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Religious Unrest 1536-7 Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

What were the strengths of Robert Aske? (3)

A
  1. Brilliant organiser and speaker
  2. Made the rebellion appear non-violent and Christian
  3. Communicated well
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2
Q

What was Robert Aske’s key weakness?

A

Too naive and trusting of the King and Government

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3
Q

What were the strengths of Thomas Cromwell? (3)

A
  1. Closed all monasteries by 1540
  2. Successfully implemented reform, e.g. publication of the Great Bible
  3. Strengthened by rebellions
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4
Q

Who was Francis Bigod?

A

Protestant reformer, but believed Act of Supremacy gave King too much power

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5
Q

What were the weaknesses of Francis Bigod? (2)

A
  1. Gathered little support for his rebellion
  2. Rebellion gave Henry an excuse to execute other rebels
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6
Q

What were the strengths of Henry VIII? (3)

A
  1. Allowed Norfolk to negotiate
  2. Was deliberately vague to stall rebels and recover
  3. Tactfully began repression
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7
Q

What was the key weakness of Henry VIII?

A

Sent a letter threatening rebels which only strengthened their anger

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8
Q

What were the strengths of the Duke of Norfolk? (2)

A
  1. Successful negotiator, made the rebels trust him
  2. Tricked rebels and nobles into arrest
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9
Q

What stimulated the Lincolnshire rebellion on 2nd-3rd October?

A

Government officials investigating monasteries in Lincolnshire are attacked

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10
Q

What happened on the 4th October 1536?

A

Lincolnshire gentry take leadership over rebels

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11
Q

What did the army of the Lincolnshire rebels grow to?

A

10,000

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12
Q

What happened 10th-11th October 1536?

A

Rebellion disperses in Lincolnshire but breaks out in Yorkshire

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13
Q

What happened on the 16th October 1536?

A

Rebels took York

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14
Q

What happened on the 21st October?

A

Darcy surrenders Pontefract castle and Norfolk negotiates

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15
Q

Who were the key groups of support for the Pilgrimage of Grace? (2)

A
  1. Court Nobility - conservative faction, Percy and Darcy
  2. Commoners and Peasants - large scale lower class involvement, reflected in Pontefract Articles
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16
Q

What were the religious causes of the Pilgrimage of Grace? (2)

A
  • Northern people more conservative and loyal to the Church
  • Dissolution and closures of local churches
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17
Q

What about the Pilgrimage of Grace suggested its religious intent? (3)

A
  • ‘Pilgrimage’
  • 5 wounds of Christ symbolism
  • Widespread support suggested unifying religious intent
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18
Q

What were the economic/social causes of the Pilgrimage of Grace? (3)

A
  • Government demanded peace-time taxes
  • Poor harvest in 1534, 1535 and 1536
  • Increasing enclosures
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19
Q

What were the political causes of the Pilgrimage of Grace? (3)

A
  • Northern gentry hated London Government
  • Unpopularity of Cromwell and Richard Rich
  • Court factions forming
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20
Q

Where did the Lincolnshire rebellion begin?

A

Louth, Lincolnshire

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21
Q

Who led the Lincolnshire rebellion?

A

Shoemaker Nicholas Melton

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22
Q

What triggered the Lincolnshire rebellion?

A

Rumours of Cromwell dissolving local churches and taking silver

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23
Q

How was the Lincolnshire rebellion out of control?

A

People beat the Chancellor to the Bishop of Lincoln to death

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24
Q

How many Commons supported the Pilgrimage of Grace?

A

30,000

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25
Where did the Bigod rebellion attack and fail?
Carlisle
26
What did the Bigod rebellion allow Henry to do?
Punish former rebels
27
How many rebels did Henry VIII punish after Bigod's rebellion?
144
28
What were Henry's aims for religious reformation?
Boss - Supreme Head of the Church Reform - Protestantism Economic - seize the wealth of the Church Appointments - control bishops/archbishops Katharine - divorce
29
What was the Valor Ecclesiasticus?
A survey of the Church's wealth
30
What did the Valor Ecclesiasticus find?
The wealth of the monasteries was 3 times that of the crown
31
What were visitations?
Commissioners were sent out to investigate the standards of the monasteries and find evidence of corruption
32
What was the 1536 Acts for the Dissolution?
All monasteries with an income under £200 to be close due to corruption
33
What were the impacts of the Dissolution of the Monasteries?
Rage - nobles angry Oppression - clergy executed and unemployed Monasteries - reduced hospitality and education Excommunication - Henry VIII's excommunication splits loyalties
34
How many people were executed for refusing the Oath of Supremacy?
57,000
35
What was Cromwell appointed to that linked politics to the Church?
Viceregent of Spirituals
36
What did Henry do after dissolving the monasteries?
Gifted their land and wealth to supportive nobility
37
What did priests require from Henry following religious changes?
A license
38
What about the Sacraments did Henry change?
- Reduced from 7 to 3 - Vague wording of the Eucharist
39
What did Henry ban in the English Reformation? (4)
- Pilgrimages - Relics - Worship of Saints - Excessive Holy Days
40
How was the Pilgrimage of Grace threatening? (3)
1. Wide range of support including JPs and key Northern Gentry involved 2. Government forced to negotiate as rebels seized York and Pontefract castle 3. Capable and calculated leadership
41
How was the Pilgrimage of Grace not threatening? (3)
1. Rebelling gentry were uncommitted and slowed momentum 2. Followed by repression of Bigod and Lincolnshire rebellions 3. Loyalty of leadership to Henry led to naivety
42
What were the consequences of the Pilgrimage of Grace?
1. Council of North reorganised in 1537 2. Henry VIII went on progress to York in 1541 to address the neglect of the region 3. North did not rebel again until 1569 4. 200 executions of key rebels
43
How was the Council of the North reorganised?
Leading pilgrims e.g. Ralph Ellener were appointed, but Southern Protestants still dominated
44
What was an example of repression of rebels?
Margaret Cheyney tried to persuade her lover, a rebel, to flee and was burned at the stake
45
What were the Pontefract Articles?
List of demands from rebels given to Henry VIII in exchange for rebels going home
46
Who wrote the Pontefract articles?
A Parliament containing all classes when the rebels were at their strongest
47
What was the role of the Earl of Derby?
Key Northern nobleman, prevented the whole North from rebelling
48
Religious motives - Pilgrim's Oath
'only for the love that ye do bear unto almighty God'
49
Loyalty to the King - Pilgrim's Oath
'to the preservation of the King's person and his issue'
50
Non-violence - Pilgrim's Oath
'nor slay nor murder nor envy'
51
Political intentions - Pilgrim's Oath
'to expulse all villein blood and evil councillors'
52
Political motivations - Pontefract articles
'Lord Cromwell, the Lord Chancellor, and Sir Richard Rich to have punishment'
53
Why did the undermining of Catholic traditions lead to religious unrest?
Threatened centuries of belief - many believed the Catholic church's teachings would better prepare souls for the afterlife
54
How many of the Pontefract articles were religious?
9 out of 24
55
Why were socio-economic causes of religious unrest less significant?
Because they did not affect all social groups involved in the rebellion
56
What does Geoffrey Elton suggest about the political causes of the pilgrimage of grace?
That it was in fact the result of a court based plot to reinstate Mary as heir and remove Cromwell
57
What did Lord Darcey and Lord Hussey do in 1534 which supports Elton's theory?
Spoke to Eustace Chapuys, who was closely connected with the conservative faction, about armed rebellion
58
Which 2 figures challenge Elton's theory and why?
The Earl of Derby and Lord Dacre - they didn't join the rebellion despite being Northern nobles and having political motive to do so
59
What challenges the cause of unrest in 1536-7 as political?
Most of the impetus for rebellion came from below
60
What was the 1535 Act of Uses?
An attempt by the king and Cromwell to prevent landowners avoiding the financial demands made by the king as their feudal overlord - was resented by landowners

Tudors (7 decks)

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