Challenging Succession Flashcards
What strengths of Henry caused the Perkin Warbeck rebellion to fail? (4)
- Heir and dynasty secured by 1496
- Treaties of Medina del Campo and Etaples
- Network of spies
- Secured loyalty from nobility
What weaknesses of Warbeck caused his rebellion to fail? (2)
- Lacked a clear leader
- Fewer resources and less support
How was the Perkin Warbeck rebellion a serious threat? (3)
- Huge support from foreign countries - Scottish invasion 1496
- Some support within the court
- Coincided with domestic unrest in Cornwall
How was the Perkin Warbeck rebellion not a serious threat? (3)
- Never raised a significant invasion force
- Never came to pitched battle
- Failed to gather significant support amongst nobility
Who was Perkin Warbeck?
17 year old from Flanders
Who did Warbeck claim to be and why couldn’t this be disproved?
- Richard, Duke of York
- he was still missing
When was the Perkin Warbeck rebellion?
1491-97
When was the Scottish invasion and why did it retreat?
- 1496
- lack of support
When was the Cornish rebellion?
June 1497
When was Warbeck captured?
1497
When was Warbeck executed and who with?
- 1499
- Earl of Warwick
Who were the foreign patrons of Warbeck’s rebellion? (3)
- Margaret of Burgundy
- King of France
- King of Scotland
How was William Stanley involved in the Warbeck rebellion?
Tried to arrange a meeting with Warbeck in 1495, was arrested and executed
What was the Cornish rebellion?
Protest about taxation, defeated at Taunton
Why did Warbeck fail to capitalise on the Cornish rebellion?
Didn’t arrive until following September and didn’t amass enough support
Who was John de la Pole?
Royal Councillor, nephew of Richard III
Who was the Earl of Warwick?
Young nephew of Edward IV and Richard III - imprisoned
When was the Battle of Bosworth Field?
22nd August 1485
How many men did Henry have at Bosworth and who were among his supporters?
- 5,000
- Earl of Oxford and Jasper Tudor
How many men did Richard have at Bosworth and who were among his supporters?
- 10,000
- Duke of Norfolk and Henry Percy
Who were the Stanley brothers and how many men did they have at Bosworth?
- Henry’s step father and uncle
- 5,000
Who was Thomas Howard and what happened to him when Henry VII came to power?
- Earl of Sussex, Yorkist, son of Duke of Norfolk
- Imprisoned and stripped of land and titles by Act of Attainder
- Later rewarded as he refused opportunity to escape prison
What happened in the Midlands rebellion?
- Yorkists Stafford and Lovell rebelled but did not attract much support
- Lovell fled and Stafford was executed
How did Henry VII consolidate power through financing?
Managed them carefully, confiscated land from nobility and failed to reward supporters
What was the Act of Attainders?
Allowed judgements to be made without trial and removal of land and titles of Yorkist nobility
How did Henry VII consolidate power through patronage?
Gave supporters important jobs, but made sure they didn’t become too powerful
What is an example of Henry VII’s patronage?
Yorkist John Morton made Archbishop of Canterbury
How did Henry VII consolidate power through his treatment of enemies?
Didn’t execute them immediately and only imprisoned powerful opposition
What was the Titulus Regius?
Proclamation declaring Richard III as King and invalidating the marriage and heirs of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville
What did Henry VII do to the Titulus Regius?
Revoked it
Who were the heirs of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville?
Edward and Richard (Princes in the Tower), and Elizabeth of York
Why did Henry VII revoke the Titulus Regius?
To legitimise Elizabeth of York, allowing Arthur to be a twice legitimate heir
How did Henry VII use Parliament to consolidate power?
Forced it to rewrite history, declaring him King before the Battle of Bosworth and so legitimise his usurpation
What was the Act of Resumption?
Gave Henry VII all the land given away by the crown since 1455
What was the Act of Retainer?
Banned private armies, limiting power of the nobility
How was Ireland a threat to Henry VII? (3)
- proximity made it a launchpad
- only Dublin under complete English control
- many Yorkist Irish Lords
What did Ireland do in the Simnel rebellion? (2)
- Kildare supported rebels with troops and a base
- Simnel crowned in Dublin in 1487
What was Poyning’s Law?
1495 - brought Irish Parliament under the control of the English monarch
What was the role of Ireland in the Warbeck rebellion?
Less support, Kildare refuses to patronise Warbeck
How was France a threat to Henry VII? (3)
- traditional enemies
- Auld Alliance with Scotland
- rich and close
How was Burgundy a threat to Henry VII? (2)
- wealthy and independent
- Margaret of Burgundy a determined Yorkist
Why was Burgundy a limited threat to Henry VII?
Was determined to maintain strong trade links with England
What did Henry do to Burgundy in 1494-96?
Placed a trade embargo
What was Margaret of Burgundy banned from doing in 1496?
Supporting Warbeck
What did James IV do in the Warbeck rebellion?
Welcomed Warbeck and arranged his marriage to a cousin
When and what was the Treaty of Medina del Campo?
- 1487
- agreement of mutual military support with Spain and marriage of Arthur to Katherine of Aragon
When and what was the Treaty of Etaples?
- 1492
- France agreed not to harbour pretenders and pay Henry 50,000 crowns per year
When and what was the Treaty of Perpetual Peace?
- 1502
- agreed the marriage of Henry’s daughter to Scottish King James IV
How did the Pope support Henry VII’s leadership?
Excommunicated challengers
What were the strengths of Henry VII?
- Parliament
- Oppression
- Wedding
- Economy
- Rebellion
What were the weaknesses of Henry VII?
- Legitimacy
- Usurper
- Support
- Threats
Who was Lambert Simnel?
10 year old son of a joiner from Oxford
Who did Simnel claim to be?
Earl of Warwick
Who was Margaret of Burgundy?
Richard III’s sister
Who was Martin Schwartz?
Experienced commander of German mercenaries in the Simnel rebellion
When was the Simnel rebellion?
1486-7
What did Henry VII do in February 1487 to disprove Simnel?
Paraded the real Earl of Warwick around London
What did John de le Pole do in April 1487?
Fled to Burgundy
What did John de la Pole, Margaret of Burgundy and Lord Lovell do in 1487?
Raise an army of 2,000 German mercenaries
What happened in Dublin in May 1487?
Simnel was crowned
What was the role of Henry Percy in the Simnel rebellion?
He did nothing to stop rebels landing in the North
When was the Battle of Stoke?
June 1487
Why did the Simnel rebellion fail at the Battle of Stoke?
- Irish army lacked armour and support of the Earl of Kildare
- Martin Schwartz and John de la Pole killed
What happened to Simnel following the rebellion?
Put in the King’s kitchens before becoming Royal falconer
How was the Simnel rebellion a serious threat? (3)
- support for more legitimate John de la Pole
- rebels had funding and resources to raise an army
- lack of loyalty to Henry
What were the consequences of the Simnel rebellion? (3)
- Reinforced Henry as divinely appointed
- Removed serious Yorkist threat
- 28 Act of Attainders passed
Why did the Simnel rebellion fail? (3)
- Rebels were poorly equipped and Henry raised an army swiftly
- Henry’s reward system allowed him to retain significant support
- Use of Simnel was easy to disprove
What were the positive impacts of the Battle of Bosworth for Henry? (2)
- Yorkist nobility killed without heirs
- Unlikely victory viewed as God’s will
What were the negative impacts of the Battle of Bosworth for Henry? (2)
- Demonstrated power of the nobility in supporting and creating Kings
- Viewed as a usurper - more legitimate nobility remained alive
Margaret of Burgundy - Penn
‘a focus for disaffected Ricardians’
Warbeck rebellion - Penn
‘the phantom Duke of York’s existence, the simple ‘what if?’ attacked the foundations or everything that Henry was trying to build’
Legitimacy - Penn
‘even those keen to uphold the status quo didn’t know, deep down, who should embody it’
Natural Order - Penn
‘the Tudors, the brash upstarts, were a diversion from the natural order’
Elizabeth of York - Penn
‘embodiment of reconciliation’
Richard’s proclamation on Henry
‘hath no manner of interest, right, title or colour, for his is descended of bastard blood’
Henry’s reputation - Penn
‘Henry was entirely self-fashioned, his reputation depending not on his lineage, but on his virtues’
Bosworth - Penn
‘a miraculous, God-given victory’
Arthur - Penn
‘the new dynasty incorporated’
