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ME2003 > Religious Life > Flashcards

Religious Life Flashcards

1
Q

What were saints believed to be?

A

Intermediary between heaven and earth
Focus of a cult
Possessed super natural powers because they were holy

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2
Q

What were many saints in the beginning and how did this affect contemporary behaviour?

A

Early saints mostly martyrs (minority in Roman empire/late antiquity)
People tried desperately to be martyred so many people travelled to the holy land

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3
Q

Why did saints need to be popular in all senses of the word?

A

Gain a devoted following (like local football team)
Pilgrims
Powerful people could promote saints/cults for own repute and that

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4
Q

Early on, was there a strict criteria to be a saint?

A

No

Pope doesn’t have exclusive power over canonisation at this point - so long as someone supported it, there were cults

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5
Q

What is the relationship between Saint Marshal and Saint Steven in France?

A

Land of clergy considered property of the Saint

Competition between these (and other) churches as saints play to their prestige/brand

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6
Q

When did the papacy have the exclusive of canonisation?

A

Late 11th CE

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7
Q

What did Pope Alexander III say to the Swedish king?

A

“It is not permitted to venerate him as a saint without the authority of the Roman Church”

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8
Q

After the papacy claims the rights, what was the general process in getting someone canonised?

A
  • Had to bang on about them for ages
  • Then the pope sends 3 commissioners to the region
  • Proctor represents the petitioner’s case
  • Witnesses are thoroughly questioned
  • The man’s miracles had to be common knowledge in the area (eg inquest into Elizabeth of Hungary - 700 witnesses)
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9
Q

How did canonisation become political and give an example of the figures

A

1198-1500, only 40 saints canonised
In Avignon, it could take up to 30yrs for the process to be completed and approved –> half of petitions didn’t even get to an investigation, just ignored

This meant saints needed powerful lobbyists (eg kings and bishops), making canonisation political

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10
Q

Despite canonisation becoming a rarity, what was the reality of worship?

A
  • Uncanonised saints still worshipped by local cults, papacy deemed them inferior
  • Canonised vs uncanonised = 1:21
  • eg Simon de Montfort, even Franciscans supported him
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11
Q

Who believed common vernacular society and the literate elite were against each other?

A

Jacques le Goff and Jean-Claude Schmitt

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12
Q

What is important to remember in Robert Ian Moore’s statement, “Heresy is in the eye of the beholder”?

A

No strict criteria in acting and worshipping the right way - no one medieval culture shared by all nations (eg the differences in religious practice between catholic and orthodox church)

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13
Q

Why did saint cults get smaller and smaller over time?

A

Christ and Mary got bigger and bigger (eg reformation)

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14
Q

What did ‘The Church’ mean to contemporaries?

A

Every member of the church (including peasants and dead members)

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15
Q

What does the term regular mean?

A

‘Regular’ is following a rule (eg Monks)

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16
Q

What did the secular church deal with?

A

The everyday world (eg Bishops, archdeacons, deacons, priests etc)

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17
Q

What is important to remember about the papacy and the fourth Lateran council?

A

Pope doesn’t control everything, factions within this

18
Q

What is a canon

A

An ecclesiastical law

19
Q

Provide some background surrounding the fourth Lateran council

A

The 4th crusade saw the sacking of Constantinople, kept it going with a Catholic ruler so catholic influence then extended across the Mediterranean

There was now papal supremacy across all Christian churches

20
Q

What is important to note about the first canon of the 4LC?

A

It is a ‘Confession of faith’ not a law - main priority to get everyone on the same page as to the nature and extent of belief, so people would agree that catholic church is right way of doing it (hence problems with heresy)

First 4 canons are about establishing the truth and true faith

21
Q

How did Innocent III describe the position of pope?

A

“Higher than man but lower than God”

22
Q

Who were legates?

A

Act as pope’s representatives (usually Cardinals)

23
Q

What shows a huge growth in papal power and influence?

A
  • 1050: Pope Leo IX couldn’t appoint anyone outside of central Italy
  • 1342: Pope Clement VI nominated candidates for 100,000 church offices
24
Q

What was a Decretal?

A

A papal decree containing a judgement concerning a point in canon law

25
Q

Give the name of a legal decree or order issued by the pope

A

A Bull

26
Q

In what time frame did Decretals letters increase by 3,646 letters per year?

A

Between Benedict IX to John XXII (1033 - 1316)

27
Q

When do a lot of people begin to question papal motives and integrity?

A

After the establishment of the Papal states when, at one point, 63% of papal coffers were spent on war

28
Q

Give an excommunication breakdown of Frederick II

A
  • Excomm’d multiple times
  • 1227 failed to go on crusade (but crown king of Jerusalem in 1229)
  • 1239 excomm’d again

Fred is the Antichrist - big deal (think Trump)

29
Q

What happened at the council of Lyon (1245)?

A

Fred II deposed and declared a heretic

30
Q

What had happened by Boniface VIII?

A

Popes lost a lot of practical power, churches started listening to kings

31
Q

What was the only reason popes had power?

A

Because people believed them

32
Q

What did ‘The Church’ mean in medieval times?

A

Every member of the church (including peasants and dead members)

33
Q

What is a Canon?

A

A law

34
Q

What was a big difference between secular clergy and ecclesiastical clergy?

A

Secular deals with everyday world (eg priests, deacons, bishops)
‘Regular’ is following a rule (eg monks)

35
Q

What is important to remember about the pope?

A

Pope doesn’t control everything, factions within even the fourth Lateran council (so not everything in it is necessarily the pope’s will)

36
Q

What was the background surrounding the fourth Lateran council?

A

4th Crusade took Constantinople, kept it going with a catholic ruler - now catholic influence extends across the Mediterranean –> Papal supremacy across all Christian churches

FLC trying to get the Greeks inline (practiced differently)

37
Q

What is significant about the 1st canon of the FLC?

A

A confession not a law, important everyone is on the same page as to what to believe

First 4 laws are about establishing the truth and true faith

38
Q

What was a major spiritual concern of the church and FLC (whether genuine or not)?

A

That everyone believes and practices the correct thing otherwise going to hell

39
Q

How do orders work?

A

Order look to mother house for leadership –> have to meet together

40
Q

What is the word for ‘gathering together’ (particularly of monastic orders)

A

A chapter

ME2003 (5 decks)

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