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ME2003 > Crusades > Flashcards

Crusades Flashcards

1
Q

When was Jerusalem captured in the first crusade?

A

15 July 1099

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2
Q

What does the supposed lack of sexual violence yet much general slaughtering show for the capture of Jerusalem?

A

Represented a purging and liberating act, shedding of blood of unbelievers was pleasing God

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3
Q

Who were massacred at Mite during the first crusade (on their way to Jerusalem)?

A

The Jewish population there

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4
Q

What was the reality of the first crusade for those participating?

A

4k+ marches, long siege, cannibalism, desertion, crap leadership

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5
Q

What important aspects of western society did crusade support and catalyse?

A
  • Role of Papacy
  • Rise of monarchy
  • Tax admin
  • Systems of preaching
  • War technology

Symbiotic relationship, affected each other

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6
Q

What is important to remember about the nature of crusading?

A

It is constantly changing, reflects wider society

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7
Q

What is crusade mainly?

A

A violent act of faith

‘Taking the cross’/vow (Crucesignates) - a penitential act

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8
Q

What were some key features of crusade?

A
  • ‘Holy war’ as Just war
  • Directed by the pope
  • Taking the cross
  • A penitential act
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9
Q

What was the main spiritual benefit of crusade?

A

Full forgiveness of sins, either in lieu of penance or as penance itself

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10
Q

What is the main criteria for a just war?

A
  • Just cause
  • Just intention
  • Just/legitimate authority
  • Not against innocent and vulnerable people
  • Defensive
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11
Q

What was the war cry used in the first crusade?

A

Deus Vult (God wills it)

God was the authority they were following

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12
Q

Which pope toured France to recruit for a crusade and what was one of his main arguments for just cause?

A

Urban II

Eastern churches in ‘abominable slavery’, their obligation to fight to free them

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13
Q

What did the clergy always try do in the medieval period regarding knights?

A

Control the behaviour of the knights (usually to limit their violence)

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14
Q

When could laymen attend ecclesiastical gatherings?

A

Councils like Clermont - relics displayed too (potentially prop for crusade)

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15
Q

What were some of the benefits a knight could enjoy if he took the cross?

A

Knights became like members

Pay charity to churches, buried in hallow ground, participate in ecclesiastical court stuff etc.

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16
Q

What was Urban II’s motives likely spurred by?

A

Rebuilding papal relationship with Byzantium, didn’t work out though

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17
Q

How does Jerusalem fall into the intentions of the first crusade?

A

Possible Urban didn’t mention it, difference and separation between eastern church and Christian ruling of Jerusalem

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18
Q

Certainly according to the sources written in Europe, how did the first crusade quickly become understood as?

A

An armed pilgrimage to Jerusalem

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19
Q

Who were the main/exclusive target of crusade recruitment and propaganda?

A

Knights and nobles

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20
Q

What saw a revival in the 11thCE?

A

The apostolic lifestyle

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21
Q

What increased in the 11thCE regarding the aristocracy and how did this affect pilgrimage?

A

Increased concern over sin and penance

Pilgrimage increases as people become more aware of these issues

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22
Q

What does penitential pilgrimage reflect and what were the consequences of this?

A

Reflect spiritual anxiety in the aristocracy

Church play on this, creating a close relationship between the two, making recruitment easier

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23
Q

What do initial letters from crusaders in 1st crusade suggest?

A

That they did not regard it as a pilgrimage

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24
Q

What was one benefit promised to crusaders?

A

Indulgence

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25
Q

Where was the main recruiting pool for crusade?

A

France

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26
Q

Regarding the colonialised nature of the Crusader states, what is Rene Grousset’s opinion?

A

Franko-Syrian culture emerges (starting to dress like that and that)

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27
Q

What do RC Smail and Joshua Prawer say on whether Outremer was colonialist or not?

A

Isolationist

  • Legal system with distinction between ethnic groups
  • Lack of locals employed in government
28
Q

What does Ibn Jubayer believe regarding the state of Muslim peasants in Outremer?

A

They were generally better off than elsewhere in the near east

29
Q

What was Outremer?

A

The Christian states in the near east

Outremer = ‘Overseas’

30
Q

Where did a Norman fleet in 1110 take?

A

Sidon

Need for fleets to take and control port cities

31
Q

Why were port cities (eg Acre, Caesarea, Tyre) important for Outremer?

A
  • Ensure communication, supply and trade with the west
  • Wealth to reward followers

The Christian states functioned like any other western Medieval state

32
Q

What are the names of some of the castles built to protect and tax pilgrims on the Oultrejourdain pilgrimage route?

A
  • Kerak
  • Montreal/Shawbeck
  • Ailat/Aqaba
33
Q

What does Robert Irwin state regarding the success of the first crusade and the establishment of the Christian states?

A

“was one of the relatively minor consequences of the disintegration of the Seljuk Sultanate following the death of the Sultan Malik-Shah in 1092”

34
Q

Who gave the first determined opposition to the Franks and what was this mostly out of?

A

Zengi or Nur al-Din

Mostly out of wider Muslim politics - not a Jihad

35
Q

What does Fulcher of Chartres show of Franks in Outremer?

A

They rooted themselves very quickly

The diversity in languages likely to be N. France and Provence - level of integration a bit of an overstatement

36
Q

How did western observers view the Franks?

A
  • ‘Poulains’ - half savage and that
  • Take on undesirable virtues (sweet tooth, soft, untrustworthy etc)

Like Greeks and Persians

37
Q

What did crusade become a tool for?

A

recruiting armies, a tool of rulership for colonising Christians, defending missionaries etc

38
Q

How long did Christians rule in the near east for after the first capture of Jerusalem?

A

2 centuries

39
Q

Who did the term ‘Franks’ refer to?

A

Crusaders ruling/settling in holy land area (everyone calls them that)

40
Q

What does the translation of the law code of Antioch into Armenian show?

A

That the Armenians adopt Frankish style of structure

41
Q

What happened to most of the first crusade crusaders and how were the kingdom of Jerusalem and order of Antioch sustained?

A

They went home

Pilgrims continued it

42
Q

Who did the Franks call upon to help them when fighting each other?

A

Muslims

43
Q

Why did Outremer need lots of pilgrims and what was one pull factor for these pilgrims?

A

High turnover of rulers meant need for pilgrims (to recruit and that)

Attracted by more personal freedom than in the west

44
Q

What changes/lack of did people experience under Outremer?

A
  1. Western resources channelled for things in the east - especially knight orders - becomes very westernised in economic and political systems
  2. For local population, not much change - same tax rate but different master
45
Q

What made the capture of Jerusalem easier for the crusaders?

A

1098, Jerusalem taken off Turkish hands before the crusaders turned up - already a new and fragile rulership

46
Q

What did the third crusade aim to achieve?

A

Recovery of territory, but fragile and stuck to the coast

47
Q

Where became an important colony/base for crusaders - attracting merchants (Genoa and Venice began to compete for control over it bit later)?

A

Cyprus

48
Q

What did Cyprus, Crete and Sicily all have in common?

A

Nature and extent of ruler-culture exchange

49
Q

What happened to the nature of crusades later in the period?

A

Crusades acted without need for papal authority (eg crusades in Prussia)

50
Q

How did Danish crusade largely become a thing?

A

Danish raiding became labelled as crusading and then conquest

51
Q

What were crusades always characterised as?

A

Defence

52
Q

Why was it difficult to keep up image of defensive crusade in the North (eg Teutonic)?

A

These crusades blended with raiding and existing conquest

53
Q

What happens post-fifth crusade?

A

Crusading becomes at the discretion of monarchs, not the pope

54
Q

What was a financial benefit of crusading?

A

Exempt from taxes and don’t pay debts whilst away - property wont be stolen whilst away

55
Q

How does the fourth lateran council broaden the access of crusades?

A

Grants indulgences not only to the crusaders, but also anyone at home willing to donate ‘goods’ in “support of the Holy Land”

56
Q

What does the Albigensian Crusade (1208-29) indicate regarding the pope?

A

Pope initiated it as a last resort after pope’s man was murdered
Shows a lack of control of popes

57
Q

Give an example of how papal ambition becomes more transparent as the period goes on

A

After Urban IV’s letter to Louis IX (1264) to crusade, Louis is sceptical so funds brother to go instead

58
Q

Later in the period, what pressure is faced by the nobility to crusade?

A

Tradition of generational crusading means noble houses take on the mantle of crusading

59
Q

What was a main development that made crusading more expensive?

A

Naval routes meant less mass people and more military forces

Also mil tech became more expensive

60
Q

As crusading became more expensive…

A

…Kings with taxes soon became the only ones that could afford to crusade

61
Q

What was introduced in the 13thCE?

A
  1. ‘Saladin Tithes’

2. Cruzada = system of tax for crusade

62
Q

Who did ‘popular’ crusades often target?

A

Jews

63
Q

Primacy of Jerusalem?

A

Yes and No

64
Q

What does James A Brundage say regarding the declining enthusiasm for crusade?

A

“The most stubborn and chronic problem that crusade preachers encountered during the mid-thirteenth century was the disinclination of prospective recruits to enlist in the expeditions that one pontiff after another proclaimed”

65
Q

How does Christopher T. Maier describe the attachment of God to crusades?

A

In the 12thCE, “God’s judgement accompanied and influenced the progress and fate of the crusades”

66
Q

How does Christopher Tyerman say about the relationship between society and crusades?

A

“Crusading was fashioned to suit changing religious, ecclesiastical and political objectives”

ME2003 (5 decks)

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