Crusades Flashcards by Nathaniel Monahan-Lai

When was Jerusalem captured in the first crusade?

15 July 1099

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What does the supposed lack of sexual violence yet much general slaughtering show for the capture of Jerusalem?

Represented a purging and liberating act, shedding of blood of unbelievers was pleasing God

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Who were massacred at Mite during the first crusade (on their way to Jerusalem)?

The Jewish population there

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What was the reality of the first crusade for those participating?

4k+ marches, long siege, cannibalism, desertion, crap leadership

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What important aspects of western society did crusade support and catalyse?

Role of Papacy
Rise of monarchy
Tax admin
Systems of preaching
War technology

Symbiotic relationship, affected each other

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What is important to remember about the nature of crusading?

It is constantly changing, reflects wider society

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What is crusade mainly?

A violent act of faith

‘Taking the cross’/vow (Crucesignates) - a penitential act

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What were some key features of crusade?

‘Holy war’ as Just war
Directed by the pope
Taking the cross
A penitential act

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What was the main spiritual benefit of crusade?

Full forgiveness of sins, either in lieu of penance or as penance itself

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What is the main criteria for a just war?

Just cause
Just intention
Just/legitimate authority
Not against innocent and vulnerable people
Defensive

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What was the war cry used in the first crusade?

Deus Vult (God wills it)

God was the authority they were following

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Which pope toured France to recruit for a crusade and what was one of his main arguments for just cause?

Urban II

Eastern churches in ‘abominable slavery’, their obligation to fight to free them

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What did the clergy always try do in the medieval period regarding knights?

Control the behaviour of the knights (usually to limit their violence)

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When could laymen attend ecclesiastical gatherings?

Councils like Clermont - relics displayed too (potentially prop for crusade)

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What were some of the benefits a knight could enjoy if he took the cross?

Knights became like members

Pay charity to churches, buried in hallow ground, participate in ecclesiastical court stuff etc.

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What was Urban II’s motives likely spurred by?

Rebuilding papal relationship with Byzantium, didn’t work out though

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How does Jerusalem fall into the intentions of the first crusade?

Possible Urban didn’t mention it, difference and separation between eastern church and Christian ruling of Jerusalem

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Certainly according to the sources written in Europe, how did the first crusade quickly become understood as?

An armed pilgrimage to Jerusalem

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Who were the main/exclusive target of crusade recruitment and propaganda?

Knights and nobles

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What saw a revival in the 11thCE?

The apostolic lifestyle

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What increased in the 11thCE regarding the aristocracy and how did this affect pilgrimage?

Increased concern over sin and penance

Pilgrimage increases as people become more aware of these issues

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What does penitential pilgrimage reflect and what were the consequences of this?

Reflect spiritual anxiety in the aristocracy

Church play on this, creating a close relationship between the two, making recruitment easier

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What do initial letters from crusaders in 1st crusade suggest?

That they did not regard it as a pilgrimage

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What was one benefit promised to crusaders?

Indulgence

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Where was the main recruiting pool for crusade?

France

Regarding the colonialised nature of the Crusader states, what is Rene Grousset's opinion?

Franko-Syrian culture emerges (starting to dress like that and that)

What do RC Smail and Joshua Prawer say on whether Outremer was colonialist or not?

Isolationist - Legal system with distinction between ethnic groups - Lack of locals employed in government

What does Ibn Jubayer believe regarding the state of Muslim peasants in Outremer?

They were generally better off than elsewhere in the near east

What was Outremer?

The Christian states in the near east Outremer = 'Overseas'

Where did a Norman fleet in 1110 take?

Sidon Need for fleets to take and control port cities

Why were port cities (eg Acre, Caesarea, Tyre) important for Outremer?

- Ensure communication, supply and trade with the west - Wealth to reward followers The Christian states functioned like any other western Medieval state

What are the names of some of the castles built to protect and tax pilgrims on the Oultrejourdain pilgrimage route?

- Kerak - Montreal/Shawbeck - Ailat/Aqaba

What does Robert Irwin state regarding the success of the first crusade and the establishment of the Christian states?

"was one of the relatively minor consequences of the disintegration of the Seljuk Sultanate following the death of the Sultan Malik-Shah in 1092"

Who gave the first determined opposition to the Franks and what was this mostly out of?

Zengi or Nur al-Din | Mostly out of wider Muslim politics - not a Jihad

What does Fulcher of Chartres show of Franks in Outremer?

They rooted themselves very quickly | The diversity in languages likely to be N. France and Provence - level of integration a bit of an overstatement

How did western observers view the Franks?

- 'Poulains' - half savage and that - Take on undesirable virtues (sweet tooth, soft, untrustworthy etc) Like Greeks and Persians

What did crusade become a tool for?

recruiting armies, a tool of rulership for colonising Christians, defending missionaries etc

How long did Christians rule in the near east for after the first capture of Jerusalem?

2 centuries

Who did the term 'Franks' refer to?

Crusaders ruling/settling in holy land area (everyone calls them that)

What does the translation of the law code of Antioch into Armenian show?

That the Armenians adopt Frankish style of structure

What happened to most of the first crusade crusaders and how were the kingdom of Jerusalem and order of Antioch sustained?

They went home Pilgrims continued it

Who did the Franks call upon to help them when fighting each other?

Muslims

Why did Outremer need lots of pilgrims and what was one pull factor for these pilgrims?

High turnover of rulers meant need for pilgrims (to recruit and that) Attracted by more personal freedom than in the west

What changes/lack of did people experience under Outremer?

1. Western resources channelled for things in the east - especially knight orders - becomes very westernised in economic and political systems 2. For local population, not much change - same tax rate but different master

What made the capture of Jerusalem easier for the crusaders?

1098, Jerusalem taken off Turkish hands before the crusaders turned up - already a new and fragile rulership

What did the third crusade aim to achieve?

Recovery of territory, but fragile and stuck to the coast

Where became an important colony/base for crusaders - attracting merchants (Genoa and Venice began to compete for control over it bit later)?

Cyprus

What did Cyprus, Crete and Sicily all have in common?

Nature and extent of ruler-culture exchange

What happened to the nature of crusades later in the period?

Crusades acted without need for papal authority (eg crusades in Prussia)

How did Danish crusade largely become a thing?

Danish raiding became labelled as crusading and then conquest

What were crusades always characterised as?

Defence

Why was it difficult to keep up image of defensive crusade in the North (eg Teutonic)?

These crusades blended with raiding and existing conquest

What happens post-fifth crusade?

Crusading becomes at the discretion of monarchs, not the pope

What was a financial benefit of crusading?

Exempt from taxes and don't pay debts whilst away - property wont be stolen whilst away

How does the fourth lateran council broaden the access of crusades?

Grants indulgences not only to the crusaders, but also anyone at home willing to donate 'goods' in "support of the Holy Land"

What does the Albigensian Crusade (1208-29) indicate regarding the pope?

Pope initiated it as a last resort after pope's man was murdered Shows a lack of control of popes

Give an example of how papal ambition becomes more transparent as the period goes on

After Urban IV's letter to Louis IX (1264) to crusade, Louis is sceptical so funds brother to go instead

Later in the period, what pressure is faced by the nobility to crusade?

Tradition of generational crusading means noble houses take on the mantle of crusading

What was a main development that made crusading more expensive?

Naval routes meant less mass people and more military forces | Also mil tech became more expensive

As crusading became more expensive...

...Kings with taxes soon became the only ones that could afford to crusade

What was introduced in the 13thCE?

1. 'Saladin Tithes' | 2. Cruzada = system of tax for crusade

Who did 'popular' crusades often target?

Jews

Primacy of Jerusalem?

Yes and No

What does James A Brundage say regarding the declining enthusiasm for crusade?

"The most stubborn and chronic problem that crusade preachers encountered during the mid-thirteenth century was the disinclination of prospective recruits to enlist in the expeditions that one pontiff after another proclaimed"

How does Christopher T. Maier describe the attachment of God to crusades?

In the 12thCE, "God's judgement accompanied and influenced the progress and fate of the crusades"

How does Christopher Tyerman say about the relationship between society and crusades?

"Crusading was fashioned to suit changing religious, ecclesiastical and political objectives"