Jews and Muslims in Chrstian Europe Flashcards
When was the expulsion of Jews in Spain?
1492
What is the word for ‘co-living’ that describes the situation in Spain with Jews in society?
Convivencia
What was the religious demography of kingdoms in the Iberian peninsula?
4 Christian
1 Muslim
What is Lex Saracenorum?
Laws of Muslims
Have to follow secular (Christian) law and their own
What is Lex Hebraicum?
Laws of Jews
Have to follow secular (Christian) law and their own
How are Muslims defined?
Muslims f Peace and Muslims of War
One that lives in a Christian kingdom and one that doesn’t
What does Alfonso X of Castile guarantee for Muslims of Peace? What did this come in the form of?
Security and protection
Property rights, rule themselves by Muslim laws, Muslims judge in disputes concerning only Muslims, right to practice and preach religion, tax reliefs
What is the problem that can arise between communities, even if law supposedly protects each?
Law is fine, problems come in the social interactions
How much did Jews and Muslims share legally in Alfonso X’s law code?
first four in the other flashcard are the same, difference comes in taxes
What were the separate quarters of Jews and Muslims in cities called?
Juderias and Morerias
What happened in Saragossa concerning the Juderia there?
So overpopulated and narrow streets that Jews asked to move outside the Juderia (outside the Roman walls)
What were the two main features that define Aljama?
- The community of all the individuals living in a Juderia or Moreria
- The virtually independent political body that governed the community
What created friction in the Jewish communities?
Taxes payed collectively, richer Jews don’t always pay taxes meaning lower down ones had to pay more
How does Kenneth Wolf view tolerance of different groups (particularly in Spain)?
Tolerance was ‘pragmatic’ and as a result was “highly vulnerable to changes in political and economic circumstances”
What is Iqta?
‘Islamic Feudalism’
Didn’t have nobles like western system, soldiers and land directly under the Sultan’s rule
Introduced slave soldiers to try balance
Give the key dates for Sicily
827 - First Muslim settlers
1061 - Norman invasion
1091 - Fully Norman, easy cos Muslims super divided
1220’s - Deportation of Muslims to Lucrea
1240’s last Muslim deported
1300 - Lucrea liquidated
Why were Muslims deported to Lucrea?
Good at making armour and weapons
Muslims fully controlled Sicily in 960’s, what happened to the Christians and Jews?
They had to pay to follow/practice their religions
When was the reign of Roger II of Sicily?
1130-1154
What demonstrates Roger’s rule as a cultural hybrid?
People that worked for him were largely Islamic Crowned in Arabic Greek architecture Latin words in Greek Depicted as directly under God
What languages is the Grizandus inscription in?
Latin, Greek, Hebrew and Arabic
Where were court eunuchs from?
Arabic N. Africa
The Norman court in Sicily still used them
Were Muslims allowed to practice under Norman Sicily?
Not supposed to
Where had a school of Translators?
Toledo - important to stay in touch with Muslim scholars cos they were top boys
While Sicily was at the edge of the Christian world…
…It was in the centre of the Mediterranean (hence Greek and Islamic influence)
What reputation did Jews have in Christian society?
creation of myths of the desecration of Holy spirits, legends of Christian children being kidnapped and circumcised
How did the persecution of Jews develop?
From 13thCE onwards persecution intensified - especially at Easter time
Describe the 1320 ‘Shepherds’ crusade
Shepherds come over from France and kill at least 300 Jews in the castle of Monclus
What was a consequence of the black death?
Explosion of hate against the Jews
What does the 1356 Papal Bull state?
That with “the sins of the Jews there come mortalities and famines”
Where was badly hit during the massacres of 1391?
Barcelona = Juderia and Moreria there completely wiped out
The only city that was an exception to the massacres was Saragossa cos king stayed there over summer
