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Multicultural Counseling > Religious Diversity > Flashcards

Religious Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

Efforts to correct injustices such as Native American boarding schools.

A

American Indian Religious Freedom Act & Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978

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2
Q

The majority of American Adults believe in ___.

A

God

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3
Q

65% of the US is ____.

A

Christian

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4
Q

Spirituality is..

A

Developmental

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5
Q

is defined as a set of beliefs, practices, and experiences held by an individual that ultimately lead to a transcendence of self to be concerned with otherness

A

Spirituality

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6
Q

considered to be denominational, external, cognitive, behavioral, ritualistic, and public

A

Religion

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7
Q

once wrote that many people participate in religion to avoid having a religious experience

A

Carl Jung

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8
Q

includes people who value religion and respect the place that it plays in the lives of others. That is, although they choose not to participate in organized religion themselves, they respect the importance of religion in the lives of others

A

Accepting

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9
Q

typically finish the phrase “I am spiritual but not religious” with a contemptuous tone. That is, they have had personal or vicarious negative experiences with organized religion

A

Disdainful

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10
Q

provided a nice template for understanding the experiences of at least some people who describe themselves as spiritual but not religious

A

Wilber

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11
Q

These individuals consider themselves to be neither religious nor spiritual.

A

Decliners

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12
Q

is a person who has never been exposed to the spiritual life or a religious community.

A

Inexperienced Decliner

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13
Q

has had some previous negative experience within a religious community that has led the individual to reject not only the religious life but also one’s own spirituality.

A

Rejector

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14
Q

Buddhism, Hinduism, Sikhism, Taoism, and Confucianism

A

Eastern

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15
Q

defines a religion organized around the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, who was born into a wealthy Hindu family in Nepal around 563 BCE. Siddhartha began his quest for enlightenment at age 19 years, originally by foregoing the luxuries of his rich family and living the life of an ascetic.

A

Buddhism

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16
Q

Theravada Buddhism is practiced more by _____ than laypeople and has about 100million followers.

A

Monks

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17
Q

providing a form of Buddhism that could be practiced by the masses without requiring a monastic life

A

Mahayana

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18
Q

is an extension of Mahayana Buddhism, similar in philosophy but adding additional techniques, known as upaya or “skillful means,” esoteric practices that should be learned only under the tutelage of a skilled spiritual teacher

A

Vajrayana

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19
Q

How many in the US identify as Buddhist?

A

.7%

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20
Q

Four Noble Truths

A

Dukkha, Samudaya, Dirodha, Magga

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21
Q

All existence is unsatisfactory and filled with suffering. Because this is the first Noble Truth of Buddhism, some falsely think that Buddhism is a “negative” religion. This is not so at all. Rather, Buddhism, perhaps more than other religion, acknowledges the struggles and challenges of life and the path to transcend this suffering.

A

Dukkha

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22
Q

The root of suffering can be defined as a craving or clinging to the wrong things. Such a clinging is commonly referred to as an attachment.

A

Samudaya

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23
Q

It is possible to end suffering by abandoning our expectations of how things should be and, through this mindfulness, become more aware of how things really are.

A

Dirodha

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24
Q

Freedom from suffering is possible by following the Eightfold Path

A

Magga

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25
Q

8Fold Path includes 3 Major Categories

A

Panna, Sila, Samadhi

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26
Q

Paths of discernment & Wisdom

A

Panna

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27
Q

occurs when we embrace the joy of life the way it is, without the maya (i.e., illusion) of hopes or fears.

A

Panna; Right View

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28
Q

occurs when we act with pure intention free of manipulation borne of our expectations, hopes, and fears.

A

Panna; Right Intention

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29
Q

Paths of virtue and morality

A

Sila

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30
Q

occurs when we speak from right intention in an honest, simple, and genuine way.

A

Right Speech (Sila)

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31
Q

occurs when we simplify life by surrendering all that complicates our life and our relationships.

A

Right Discipline (Sila)

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32
Q

occurs when we form a simple relationship with our job and perform it well and with attention to detail.

A

Right Livelihood

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33
Q

Right concentration

A

Samadhi

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34
Q

occurs when we surrender our tendency to struggle and see things as they are and work with them without aggression.

A

Right Effort (Samadhi)

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35
Q

occurs when we are precisely and clearly aware of all of our experiences, without judgment.

A

Right Mindfulness (Samadhi)

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36
Q

occurs when we are fully aware and completely absorbed in present moment experience, free of worries for the future and regrets from the past.

A

Right Concentration (Samadhi)

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37
Q

is the oldest known religion, with origins attributed as far back as 3200 BCE, and it is the third-largest religion in the world with approximately 15% of the global population and 0.7% of Americans identifying as Hindu

A

Hinduism

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38
Q

India is 80% ____

39
Q

The authors of the Vedas are:

40
Q

meaning that Hindus recognize a single deity, but also recognize other gods and goddesses as facets, forms, manifestations, or aspects of that supreme God.

A

Henotheistic

41
Q

refers to the notion that all actions have moral consequences that one must accept as a part of life

42
Q

is the idea that one’s present life is only the most recent in a long chain of lives extending far into the past.

43
Q

Hindus are referring to that aspect of the universal consciousness that is contained within the mind, body, and soul of the individual

44
Q

is a fairly new religion emerging in Punjab India in the 16th century

45
Q

This monotheistic religion developed in the midst of conflict between Hindus and Muslims in India

46
Q

“We are all one”

A

Gueu Nanak Dev

47
Q

Currently, __million people worldwide practice Sikhism, making it the fifth-largest religion, with 19million Sikhs residing in India

48
Q

the sacred text of Sikhism

A

Sri Guru Granth Sahib

49
Q

anniversaries of the births and deaths of the Gurus, as well as a celebration of the Sri Guru Granth Sahib

50
Q

include lust, anger, greed, worldly attachment, and pride

A

The Five Cardinal Vices

51
Q

Rather than an afterlife of heaven or hell, Sikhs believe that the end of reincarnation is to merge with the one ___

52
Q

recognition of one’s spiritual duty

A

Dharam Khand

53
Q

acquisition of divine knowledge

A

Gian Khand

54
Q

experience of wisdom and beauty

A

Sharan Khand

55
Q

divine grace and power

A

Karam Khand

56
Q

Truth

A

Such Khand

57
Q

is based on ancient Chinese beliefs that over centuries have become mixed with principles from Buddhism and Confucianism

58
Q

The ultimate reality; literally, “The Way.” The Tao is considered the intrinsic essence from which our existence and experience spring. The Tao is likened to water in that it is formless yet conforming, flows effortlessly yet changes, and is soft but powerful (Simpkins & Simpkins, 1999). It is through stillness and connectedness to nature that we are all connected with Tao.

59
Q

The life power that is the living expression of the Tao.

60
Q

The life-force energy that is beyond intellectual understanding.

61
Q

A symbol popularized in the West, the Yin/Yang represents opposites, most notably the masculine and feminine, that work together to bring wholeness.

62
Q

Literally, “actionless action,” the commitment of Taoists to avoid actions that go against the natural order or Tao.

63
Q

is a set of teachings from Confucius, whose formal name was Legge, 2020). Confucius was reportedly born into royalty but was raised in poverty

A

Confucianism

64
Q

Major sacred text of Confucianism

A

The Analects

65
Q

refers to a character of excellence comprised of altruistic behavior and human kindness

66
Q

refers to the rites or rituals that result in proper conduct

67
Q

It consists of both a benevolent attitude and benevolent behaviors.

68
Q

is the largest religion in the United States, with approximately 65% of the U.S. population professing to be Christian

A

Christianity

69
Q

Largest religious tradition worldwide

A

31.4% Christianity

70
Q

In the United States, 0.9% of the population identify as Muslim, adherents of

71
Q

Most quickly growing of the western religions in the US

72
Q

Second-largest religion in the world

73
Q

Shi’ites comprise about 13% of all Muslims and are primarily located in Iraq and Iran. The Sunnis, comprising about ___% of all Muslims

74
Q

Focused more on the inner life than the outer, they emphasized concepts such as meaning, inner reality, and contemplatio

A

Muslim - Sufis

75
Q

There is no God but God, and Mohammed is His prophet

A

1st Pillar

76
Q

Adherents are encouraged in the Qur’an, the holy text of Islam, to be constant in prayer

A

2nd Pillar

77
Q

Those who have much should help lift the burden of those who have less

78
Q

is the observance of Ramadan, Islam’s holy month, considered holy because it was the month in which Mohammed both received his first revelation and, 10 years later, made his famous migration from Mecca to Medina

A

Fourth Pillar

79
Q

dictating that each Muslim who is physically and economically able should make a pilgrimage to Mecca to heighten devotion to God.

A

5th Pillar

80
Q

is the second largest religion in the United States with 1.9% of Americans identifying as Jewish

81
Q

the five books that comprise the central Jewish holy text

A

Letter of the Torah

82
Q

provided a nomenclature for the various approaches that counselors can take in working with spiritual issues that arise

A

Sinnabauer and Pargament

83
Q

counselor denies the sacred “truths” of the client

A

Rejectionist Counselor

84
Q

believes in a fundamental and exclusive reality of religious and spiritual belief and experience

A

Exclusivist Counselor

85
Q

approach do not believe in an absolute reality, but that truth is constructed by humans in interactions with each other as they strive to understand their life experience

A

Constructivist

86
Q

counselor holds personal beliefs, but at the same time prizes the different beliefs of a client

A

Pluralistic

87
Q

in that it involves the imposition of a religious or spiritual framework with a client who is either an atheist or nonreligious.

A

Impositional

88
Q

“the intentional setting aside of the counselors’ personal values in order to provide ethical and appropriate counseling to all clients”

A

Ethical Bracketing

89
Q

refers to those aspects of the spiritual experience such as beliefs, creeds, and dogma that the individual uses as a framework with which to find meaning and purpose in life

A

Translation

90
Q

aspect of spirituality involves progressions to higher levels of spiritual development, often accompanied by physical, emotional, cognitive, and spiritual breakthroughs.

A

Transformation

91
Q

is a term coined by Welwood (2000) to refer to a phenomenon in which a person attempts to heal psychological wounds by working at the spiritual level only

A

Spiritual Bypass

92
Q

developed competencies for integrating spirituality into the counseling process

Multicultural Counseling (3 decks)

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