European Flashcards
As early as the 7th century BCE, Greeks referred to the part of the world they inhabited and its surroundings as…
Hellas
Who noted, “When compared to other cultural areas of the globe, such as the Middle East, the Indian Subcontinent, or China, western or central Europe exhibited distinct characteristics
European historian R. J. Bartlett (1994, p.1)
In fact, prior to the 15th century the collective we now call Europe was more often articulated as ______ , clearly signifying the centrality of Christianity as an inclusive/exclusive distinction
Christianitas
The English, who accounted for approximately __% of the European immigrants, were clearly dominant during this period and had the greatest influence over the creation of the political and social systems developing in the colonies
60%
What are some evidence of the productive life of a European?
With a focus on individuality and individual freedom, the strong “Protestant work ethic,” the rights to pursue wealth (and later, happiness), and external signs of success as evidence of a productive life
European immigration to the United States slowed in the early part of the __th century but rose again after the fall of communism in Eastern Europe
20
still represent the largest percentages of immigrants from any one European country
English & German Immigrants
made up the largest share of immigrants from any region in 2016.
Polish, Russian, Ukraine
This is is most clearly used to describe an individual learning the values, attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, and rituals associated with one’s primary culture, typically the culture into which one was born
Enculturation
generally refers to encounters between primary cultures resulting in changes of cultural values or beliefs as well as behaviors, although there is still a lack of consensus on the definition
Acculturation
is used to describe the larger racial group
White
although commonly used to describe the privileged racialized group, will not be used because Caucasian is, in fact, an ethnic group of people traditionally from the isthmus between the Black and Caspian Seas
Caucasian
will be used generally to refer to individuals living in the United States who are recent immigrants from or identify closely with their European heritage in terms of values, traditions, and worldview. When talking about specific examples
European American
will be used to describe individuals of European and European American descent who identify themselves as American ethnically and who have adopted the culture, traditions, and values of the dominant culture in the United States
White American
pot was commonly used as a metaphor to describe the process of combining a variety of cultural backgrounds and beliefs to create a new, virtuous (i.e., White American) culture, with the idea being it’s okay to be different, as long as one accepts mainstream (e.g., White Protestant) values
Melting Pot
The popular notion of the United States as a melting pot began to dissolve during
Civil Rights Movement of 1960
where several different ethnic flavors coexist and add to the overall culinary gestalt while maintaining their own distinct characteristics.
Salad Bowl
is the manifestation of White American cultural values, and it reinforces the notion of the United States as a utopia
The American Dream
where individual success is based on personal skills, abilities, and work ethic, rather than on external factors
Meritocracy
As part of a rise in nationalism in the early ___’s , the U.S. Department of Defense began funding the preservation of war monuments, which began the process of creating a collective memory and the beginning of a defined “national heritage
1900’s
argued that White supremacy not only remains invisible but draws its power and benefits from its invisibility.
Applebaum
The idea of race as a physical reality began to emerge in the __th century, when the Anglican settlers in the colonies constructed the idea that “Black” Africans were a separate and weaker race from “White” Europeans, thereby justifying their enslaving of the Africans
17th
What made Americans take a far more accepting view of others?
particularly World War II, and the genocide based on ethnicity prompted many Americans to take a far more accepting view of others
would often go “underground” and hide or deny their ethnic heritage by assimilating into the White American ethnicity
German & Italian
In addition, a new, vast middle class was created when soldiers, who were largely uneducated, came home and attended college under
The GI Bill
who largely settled in New England, valued an ordered world
Puritans
who settled largely in the southern colonies, believed that freedom meant the right to choose how to live and to conduct business without the interference of others
The Cavaliers
who largely settled in the Mid-Atlantic and the Midwest, valued privacy and respected the privacy of others
Quakers
whose history was strongly affected by unceasing violence, valued self-preservation and protection over a formal education, which may be seen as an invasion
Appalachian / Scotland
Over _ million Europeans immigrated to the United States annually since 2017, with the majority coming from the United Kingdom and Russia
1
European immigration continues, and in 2003, immigrants of European descent represented approximately __% of documented immigrants
30%
is often used as a general term for individuals who are living in a country other than their native country, but it is actually a specific term that refers to noncitizens of a host country who are granted legal permission to permanently reside in the new host country
Immigrant
refer to noncitizens of a host country who did not go through the procedures established by the host country’s policies
Undocumented Immigrant
refers to people who are living outside their native country and who are granted permission to set up residence in a host country because they are either unable or unwilling to return to their native country for fear of persecution
Refugee
The number of refugees coming to the United States from European countries has dropped in recent years, with under 5,000 European refugees during 20_
19
The majority of European refugees today come from
Russia
are individuals living in a host country for the purpose of pursuing a degree, often an advanced degree
International Student
Recent research supports the idea that acculturation does not follow a linear model; rather…
it is a complex and cyclical process that is characterized by repeated experiences of interaction with host culture and the individual’s interpretation of those experiences
Denial is the heartbeat of racism, beating across ideologies, races, and nations. It is beating within us. Many of us who strongly call out Trump’s racist ideas will strongly deny our own
Kendi
discussed important topics such as White racial trauma, hegemonic Whiteness, and the decline of the one-drop racial rule but does not specifically cover the intricacies of individuals of European descent.
Middleton
penned a chapter on culturally alert counseling with European Americans, which highlighted the historical origins of European Americans, the European worldview, roots of counseling, and mental health concerns
Richmond & Guindon
published a chapter on culturally responsive strengths-based therapy for White Americans of European ancestry which provides a historical perspective of White European immigration, demographics of the various populations (e.g., Slovak Americans), White racial identity development, and broad counseling considerations
Jones-Smith
explored the psychology of European Americans and examined poverty, traumatic experiences, and alcohol use as major impediments to positive mental health
Downey & D’Andrea
Contact, Disintegration, Reintegration, Pseudoindependence, Immersion-Emersion, and Autonomy
Helms
White racial identity development model is considered the most widely used model for understanding Whiteness.
Helms
Unachieved, Avoidant, Dissonant, Dependent, Achieved, Conflictive, Dominative, Reactive, Integrative.
Rowe Model of White Racial Consciousness
examined race-based stress in White adults and the role of identity status using Helms’ (1995)
Carter et al.
explored White racial attitudes and White empathy among White college students to understand how these constructs were impacted by racial identity development
Chao et al.
analyzed racial socialization practices among White American parents using their racial attitudes and racial identity development status.
Zucker and Patterson
was coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw (1989)
Intersectionality
Crenshaw argued that Black women continue to operate at the margins due to their intersecting, underrepresented identities of race and sex
Intersectionality
defined intersectionality as the “the study and critique of how multiple social systems intersect to produce and sustain complex inequalities
Grzanka
analysis on intersectionality and youth identity development in Europe highlight how White children of immigrants benefit from the privileges of being seen as White while a Muslim immigrant from Bosnia does not reap the same benefits
Moffitt
study on identity processes of immigrants in the United States and Sweden revealed U.S. immigrants primarily defined themselves by their racial and ethnic identity and were aware of how they deviated from the dominant culture.
Svensson & Syed
defined by Day-Vines at al. (2007), focuses on the counselor’s ability to recognize how various sociopolitical factors influence the client’s concerns.
Broaching
can help counselors to better understand a client’s multiple identities and the intersection of identities, including where clients may have privilege (of which they may be unaware), and where they may experience marginalization or disconnection from majority culture and values.
Bronfrenbrenner’s Socioecological Model
involves the counselor’s awareness of their limitations related to the worldviews and cultural values of diverse clients.
Cultural Humility
helping clients develop insight or deepen awarenes
Counsciousness-Raising
outlines how antiracist counselors can approach their work with clients
Drustrup
wrote that an antiracist White identity includes “breaking the silence of racism, taking personal and collective action to confront and end racism and advocating for social justice in the policies, practices, and programs of our society
Sue
challenges the hegemony of Whiteness by stating, “the meaning of whiteness varies spatially (by location), temporally (by historical eras and within the individual life span), contextually (by the relative culture), differentially (by power), and intersectionally (by combination with class, gender, sexual orientation, and so forth)”
Hughey
The narrative approach consists of three core phases:
deconstructing the dominant culture narrative, externalizing the problem, and reauthoring the story
