Religious developments (23)

Question 1

From the queens perspective what was religion in 1563 like?

Answer 1

Broadly positive, she had achieved the settlement that she largely desired.

Question 2

What was there much concern among?

Answer 2

The higher and lower clergy regarding the apparently unreformed nature of the Church.

Question 3

What did Catholics find difficult?

Answer 3

Although no subject to persecution, they found it difficult to practice their faith in public.

Question 4

What was an important influence in the 1560s and 1570s?

Answer 4

Puritanism

Question 5

What did Puritans believe?

Answer 5

In the eradication of “popish superstition” and their emergence can be traced back to the failure of the Convocation of Canterbury in 1563 to go further in its reform of the Church.

Question 6

What led to the Vestiarian Controversy?

Answer 6

The mergence of tension between the queen, who desired conformity and the obedience based on complete acceptance of the settlement, an “Puritans,” who believed in the eradication of “superstitious practices.

Question 7

What did several figures in the Church decide that they could not obey?

Answer 7

The rules on clerical dress laid down in the Act of Uniformity and royal injunctions as this specified the wearing of Catholic and therefore “superstitious” dress.

Question 8

What did Archbishop Parker and 5 bishops issue?

Answer 8

The “Advertisements” in March 1566 which required clergy to follow “one uniformity of rites and manners” in the administration of the sacraments and “one decent behaviour in their outward apparel”.

Question 9

How many clergymen refused to signify their support?

Answer 9

37 and consequently deprived of their posts.

Question 10

What was the Presbyterian movement?

Answer 10

it was one aspect of the broader Puritan movement.

Question 11

What did Presbyterians believe?

Answer 11

That the Church of England, which was already Calvinist in its doctrine, should be further reformed in its structure and its forms of worship.

Question 12

What did some Presbyterians begin to question?

Answer 12

The scriptural basis for the authority of bishops and other aspects of the Church.

Question 13

What were the two Admonitions?

Answer 13

1) Attacked the Book of Common Prayer and called for the abolition of bishops.
2) Provided a detailed description of a Presbyterian system of Church government.

Question 14

What did Thomas Cartwright, Presbyterians believe and Whitgift?

Answer 14

That a Church founded on “superstitious” or”popish” principles must be spiritually flawed and the 1559 settlement had to be more modified, while Whitgift argued that the Presbyterians’ attitude was destructive and would split the Church.

Question 15

Who saw the advantages of Presbyterianism as bulwark against the influence of Catholicism? (3)

Answer 15

1) Earl of Huntingdon
2) Earl of Leicester
3) Lord Burghley

Question 16

Who was determined to destroy Presbyterianism?

Answer 16

The Archbishop of Canterbury, John Whitgift.

Question 17

List the 3 articles Whitgift issued to which clergy had to subscribe.

Answer 17

1) Acknowledgement of the royal supremacy
2) Acceptance of the prayer book as containing nothing “country to the World of God.”
3) Acceptance that the Thirty-Nine Articles conformed to the word of God.

Question 18

What were the success for Whitgift’s campaign even though he was forced to backdown?

Answer 18

He forced Burghley’s protege, George Gifford, out of his post, and Cartwright was refused licence to preach, despite Leicester’s pleas.

Question 19

What did Whitgift cause?

Answer 19

Much despair among clergymen and undoubtably had the complete support of the queen, his policies and attitudes were regarded with suspicion by many of her ministers.

Question 20

By late 1580’s what was Presbyterianism like?

Answer 20

It was in decline, very few Puritan clergy were prepared to break with the Church by refusing to accept the Three Articles.

Question 21

How was Presbyterian further weakened?

Answer 21

By the death of its key organiser John field, in 1589.

Question 22

What was the most extreme form of Puritanism?

Answer 22

Separatism

Question 23

What did Separatists regard the Church of England as?

Answer 23

Incapable of reforming itself sufficiently to root out all “popish” or “superstitious” practices and they wanted to create independent church congregations.

Question 24

What were Separatists determined to do?

Answer 24

Oppose the queen’s status as Supreme Governor of the Church of England.

Question 25

Who led separatists movements in London?

Answer 25

Henry Barrow and John Greenwood.

Question 26

What were Barrow’s and Greenwoods activities like?

Answer 26

Sufficient to alarm the authorities and led to the passing of the Act against Seditious Sectaries in 1593.

Question 27

What happened to Barrow, Greenwood and John Penry?

Answer 27

Tried and executed for devising and circulating seditious books.

Question 28

Why did Puritan influence decline in the late 1580s?

Answer 28

Partly because of the deaths of Leicester, Mildmay and Walsingham and because the defeat of the Spanish armada reduced the perceived threat of Catholicism and lessened its attractions.

Question 29

What made Puritan attitudes more acceptable within traditional the Church structure?

Answer 29

The disappearance of Presbyterian meant that Puritan attitudes became more acceptable within traditional Church structure.

Question 30

What happened to the Calvinist beliefs of the Church of England?

Answer 30

They were reaffirmed in the Lambeth Articles of 1595, which proved acceptable to Puritans and their opponents such as Whitgift alike.

Question 31

What was accepted by both as the basis for an acceptable form of worship?

Answer 31

The 1559 Book of Common Prayer.

Question 32

What did Elizabeth adopt?

Answer 32

An attitude of tolerance towards Catholics in the early years of her reign. Toleration of Catholics was conditional on obedience, and not all Catholic practices were tolerated.

Question 33

What were rarely demanded?

Answer 33

Although the Act of Supremacy of 1559 laid down fines for those who did not attend Church services - the recusants - were rarely demanded.

Question 34

What was much much energy spent on?

Answer 34

Removing Catholic imagery from parish churches and on searching out images that had been hidden away.

Question 35

What did most Catholics survive as?

Answer 35

“Church papists,” outwardly conforming and obeying the law by attending Anglican services.

Question 36

What did an active minority following the Catholic bishops do?

Answer 36

They refused to conform to the Oath of Supremacy in 1559.

Question 37

What provoked a punitive attitude towards Catholics?

Answer 37

The Northern Rebellion of 1569.

Question 38

How were English catholics placed in impossible positions?

Answer 38

When Elizabeth was excommunicated in 1570 by Pope Pius V and called on loyal catholics to depose her. They had to choose between loyalty to their Church or monarch.

Question 39

Name 3 Act passed against Catholics during the 1570s and 1580s.

Answer 39

1) A 1571 Act made the publication of papal bulls treasonable.
2) The 1581 Act to Retain the Queen’s Majesty’s Subjects in their Due Obedience.
3) The 1585 Act against jesuits and Seminary Priests, 123 priests were convicted and executed under the terms of this Act from 1586 to 1603.

Question 40

What became punishable by heavy fine and imprisonment?

Answer 40

Saying Mass

Question 41

What was the fine for attendance at church raised to in 1581?

Answer 41

£20 per month.

Question 42

How many Catholic priests were executed in 1581 and 1582?

Answer 42

1581- 4

1582- 11

Question 43

What was founded at Douai, in the Spanish Netherlands?

Answer 43

In 1568 a college was founded in order to train Catholic priests to be sent to England and keep Catholicism alive and win new converts.

Question 44

How many “seminary priests” had arrived in England in: 1575, 1580 and between 1580-1585?

Answer 44

1575- 11
1580- 100
1580-1585- 179

Question 45

What did being a Catholic priest incur?

Answer 45

The death penalty from 1585 so being seminary priests operated in secret.

Question 46

What begun sending Jesuit priests to England in 1580?

Answer 46

The Society of Jesus

Question 47

What did the Jesuits combine?

Answer 47

High intelligence and organisational skills with a dedication to the cause of the restoration of Catholic, to England.