England's relations with foreign powers, 1558-64 (17) Flashcards
Who was England in conflict with when Elizabeth came to the throne?
France
What was the outcome of the war against France for England?
England lost Calais and had seriously weekend the Crown’s finances.
What was concluded and when between England and France?
A peace treaty at Cateau-Cambresis in April 1559, in which England and France and also reached an agreement over vexed issue of Calais.
What was concluded about Calais?
France would retain Calais for 8 years, after which time Calais would restored to English control provided England had kept peace in the meantime.
What would happen if France failed to return Calais?
They agreed to pay 500,000 crowns £125,000 to England.
When did further problems emerge?
After the death in June 1559 of Henry II of France.
Who was Henry II succeeded by?
His eldest son Francis II, whose wife was Mary Queen of Scots, Elizabeth’s cousin the main Catholic claimant to the English throne.
What did Francis’s accession bring?
A strongly Catholic Guise faction to power in France.
Where were French troops sent to?
French troops were sent to garrison major Scottish fortresses, much to the alarm of John Knox, the radical Calvinist who was the leader of the Scottish Reformation, and his political allies, the Lords of the Congregation, who were seeking power in Edinburgh.
What was Elizabeth cautious about?
Interfering in the domestic affairs of another nation in which subjects were rebelling against sovereign authority and was reluctant to intervene in Scotland.
Who did support the intervention?
Cecil
What Cecil sympathise with?
With the religious predicament of Scottish Protestants and knew that England would be more secure without a French force north of the border.
What did Cecil also sought to remove?
He sought to remove Mary Queen of Scots, which would weaken her influence as a potential Catholic claimant to the English throne.
What did Cecil want to do with Scotland?
Wanted to incorporate Scotland within a wider “imperial” British State, which he considered necessary for the survival of Protestant England.
What did Cecil persuade Elizabeth to do?
To intervene by playing on her insecurity.
What does the intervention in Scotland show?
That decision-making in foreign policy could be influenced both by religious considerations and a key individual.
What was intervention limited to?
Money and armaments
Where and when did the navy do to stop the French reinforcements landing?
Towards the end of December 1559 the navy was sent to the Firth of Forth to stop French reinforcements from landing.
What were the Lords of the Congregation offered?
Conditional support at the Treaty of Berwick in February 1560, and in March 1560 an army was sent north.
What did the army and navy do?
Blockade Leith, just outside Edinburgh and where most of the French force was situated, from land and sea.
What was the result of the blockade?
It failed but due to the French fleet severely damaged by storm and Mary of Guise died, the French were forced to withdraw.
How had Cecil triumphed?
In the interests of Scottish Protestants he had been protected and the political influence of Mary had been significantly reduced.
When did conflict break out between Catholics and Protestants in France?
March 1562
What did Robert Dudley and the Earl of Leicester encourage Elizabeth to do?
To put military pressure on the French Crown when it was in a relatively weak state so as to ensure the return of Calais.
What did Elizabeth promise the Huguenot leader, the Prince of Conde?
600 men and a loan of £30,000, with control of the port of Le Havre as security.
What happened to the Huguenot army?
They were defeated and Conde was captured.
What did the French agree on?
The french agreed to drive the English out of Le Havre and therefore the English were forced to seek an unfavourable peace settlement at the subsequent Treaty of Troyes in 1564. this meant she lost Calais.
