religious conflicts

Question 1

what did arminian theology suggest

Answer 1

Arminian theology laid emphasis on clerical authority and the individual’s capacity to reject salvation, and was seen as heretical and a potential vehicle for the reintroduction of Roman Catholicism by its opponents.

Question 2

what was C view of Arminianism

Answer 2

Charles’s sympathy to the teachings of Arminianism, and specifically his wish to move the Church of England away from Calvinism in a more traditional and sacramental direction, confirmed the Puritans’ suspicions concerning the perceived irreligious tendencies of the crown.

Question 3

what is the history regarding oppression of protestnats

Answer 3

A long history of opposition to tyrants who oppressed Protestants had developed since the beginning of the Protestant Reformation, most notably during the French Wars of Religion (articulated in the Vindiciae contra tyrannos), and more recently in the Second Defenestration of Prague at the start of the Thirty Years’ War.

Question 4

how did the history surrounding protestnat oppression affect C

Answer 4

Such cultural identifications struck a chord with Charles’s subjects dismayed by Charles failure to support the Protestant cause abroad and his contacts with Spain.
Such allegations dogged Charles due to the actions of king and council, especially Archbishop William Laud.

Question 5

when did Laud become archbishop of canterbury

Answer 5

1633

Question 6

issue with Laud

Answer 6

• began a series of unpopular reforms eg dismissing non-conformist clergymen, and closing Puritan organisations.
• His policy was opposed to Calvinist theology, and he insisted that the Church of England’s liturgy use the Book of Common Prayer, and that the internal architecture of English churches emphasise the sacrament of the altar, thereby attacking predestination.

Question 7

how did laud enforce his policy

Answer 7

used the two most feared and most arbitrary courts in the land, the Court of High Commission and the Court of Star Chamber to enforce this.

Question 8

what could the court of high commission do

Answer 8

could force a person to provide self-incriminating testimony

Question 9

what could the court of star chmaber do

Answer 9

could inflict any punishment (including torture), except of death.

Question 10

what happened by 1633 regarding the star chamber and high commission

Answer 10

By 1633 Star Chamber had effectively, taken the place of High Commission as the supreme tribunal for religious offences as well as dealing with Crown cases of a secular nature.

Question 11

what happened regualury under C regarding star chamber

Answer 11

Under Charles’s reign, defendants were regularly brought before the Court without indictment, due process of the law, or right to confront witnesses, and their testimonies were routinely extracted by torture.

Question 12

what happened regarding religious polices in Scotland

Answer 12

faced resistance

Question 13

what did C do in 1637 in Scot

Answer 13

king ordered the use of a new Prayer Book to be used within Scotland that was almost identical to the English Book of Common Prayer, without consultation with either the Scottish Parliament or Kirk.

Question 14

opinion on new prayer book

Answer 14

• was supported by the Scottish Bishops, but resisted by many Presbyterians, who saw the new Prayer Book as a plot to introduce Anglicanism to Scotland
• 1637, unrest erupted throughout the Kirk upon the first Sunday of its usage, and the public began to mobilise around rebellious nobles in a National Covenant.

Question 15

what happened in 1638 with the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland

Answer 15

abolished Episcopalian government (governance of the Church by bishops) , replacing it with Presbyterian government (governance by elders and deacons)

Question 16

what did C hope to do now that e General Assembly of the Church of Scotland abolished Episcopalian government, replacing it with Presbyterian government

Answer 16

Charles sought to crush rebellion against his authority.

Question 17

what did this all lead to

Religion in Scot

Answer 17

first bishops war

Question 18

what did C do when first bishop war broke out

Answer 18

did not seek subsidies to wage war, but raised an army without Parliamentary aid.

Question 19

why did C not engage the convenanters

Answer 19

the king was afraid of the defeat of his forces, whom he believed to be significantly outnumbered by the Scots.

Question 20

who were the convenanters

Answer 20

any of the Scottish Presbyterians who at various crises during the 17th century subscribed to bonds or covenants

Question 21

what did C do regrading the Covenanters

Answer 21

In the Pacification of Berwick, Charles regained his Scottish fortresses, and secured the dissolution of the Covenanters’ government, in return for concession of the Scottish Parliament and General Assembly of the Scottish Church being called.

Question 22

what did the firsts bishop war lead to

regarding finance and military

Answer 22

caused a financial and military crisis for Charles while his efforts to raise finance from Spain and support for his Palatine relatives led to the public humiliation of the Battle of the Downs where the Dutch destroyed a Spanish bullion fleet in sight of the Kent coast and English fleet.

Question 23

what was the real reason behind C peace neogotians with the Scots

Answer 23

a bid by the king to gain time before launching a new military campaign.

Question 24

why did C recall parli in 1640

Answer 24

an attempt to raise funds for a new militray campagin

Question 25

when was the second bishops war

Answer 25

1639

Question 26

what happened in march 1640

bishops war

Answer 26

the Irish Parliament voted a subsidy of £180,000 promised to raise an army of 9,000 by the end of May.

Question 27

what happened with C’s relation with the englihs

Answer 27

In the English General Election in March, court candidates fared badly, and Charles’s dealings with the English Parliament in April reached stalemate.

Question 28

what did Northumberland and Strafford do following the general election

Answer 28

• tried to reach a compromise whereby the king would agree to forfeit Ship Money in exchange for £650,000 (although the coming war was estimated at around £1 million).
• This was not enough to produce consensus in the Commons.

Question 29

how did C respond to demand for more reforms

Answer 29

MPs’ demands for further reforms were ignored by Charles, who still had the support of the House of Lords.

Question 30

how did C respond to demand for removal of ship money

Answer 30

dissoolved in may 1640, known as the short parli

Question 31

how did strafford and Laud try to support an absoloute monarchy

Answer 31

lauched policy of thorough

Question 32

background on Strafford

Answer 32

• Although originally a major critic of the king, Strafford defected to royal service in 1628 (due in part to Buckingham’s persuasion), and had emerged as the most capable of Charles’s ministers.
• Having trained an army in Ireland for the king and seriously weakened the authority of the Irish Parliament, particularly those members of parliament belonging to the Old English, Strafford had obtained an independent source of royal revenue and forces within the three kingdoms.

Question 33

view of scottish soldiers compared to english

Answer 33

Scottish soldiers, many of whom were veterans of the Thirty Years’ War, had better experience than the English, and met virtually no resistance until reaching Newcastle where, at the Battle of Newburn, Newcastle upon Tyne – and England’s coal supply – fell into the hands of the Covenanter forces.

Question 34

what did C do in september 1640

Answer 34

Charles summoned the magnum concilium, the ancient council of Peers of the Realm, the King’s hereditary counsellors, who advised making peace with the Scots and the recall of Parliament.

Question 35

what happened as a result of C summoning the council of peers of the realm

Answer 35

• A cessation of arms, although not a final settlement, was agreed in the Treaty of Ripon (October 1640)
• The treaty stated that the Scots would continue to occupy Northumberland and Durham and be paid £850 per day, until peace was restored and the English Parliament recalled (which would be required to raise sufficient funds to pay the Scottish forces).

Question 36

when did C re-summon Parli

Answer 36

november 1640

long parli

Question 37

long parli’s view on C

Answer 37

Of the 493 MPs of the Commons, 399 were opposed to the king, and Charles could count on only 94 for support.