Charles 1625-1640 Flashcards

Question

1640 | timeline overview

Answer 1

The “Short Parliament” (April to May) is called and swiftly dissolved after failing to grant supply Scots invade Northern England, resulting in the Treaty of Ripon Charles is forced to call another Parliament, which becomes known as the “Long Parliament” as it survives until 1660.

Answer 2

4 key issues - foreign policy, finance, religion and Buckingham additional factors - divine right, parli radicalism

Answer 3

Charles’ belief in his Divine Right. Charles saw Parliament’s actions between 1625-9 as a direct challenge to his authority as a ruler ordained by God. His belief in divine right meant that he expected unquestioning obedience to his will from MPs.

Answer 4

Parliamentary radicalism. Charles saw Parliament’s attempts to criticise his religious and foreign policies as infringing on the royal prerogative and exceeding the traditional role of Parliament to present local grievances and provide supply.

Answer 5

**The refusal to vote tonnage and poundage for Charles’ lifetime** in Charles first Parliament in 1625 was a departure from tradition. The **1628 Petition of Right** – a set of demands to prevent the King from levying tax without Parliament’s consent which was a veiled attack on the Forced Loan 1626. **The 1629 Protestation**. Charles viewed Parliament’s attack on Arminianism in the first resolution of the protestation as a radical attempt to interfere in Charles’ prerogative as Supreme Governor of the Church of England. The tone of the Protestation was confrontational and extreme. Furthermore, the restraining of the Speaker to prevent the dissolution of Parliament before the passing of the resolutions of the Protestation was viewed by Charles as further evidence of Parliament’s radicalism.

Answer 6

1. Structural issue: cost of government was higher than ordinary income. 2. Charles had increased debt from the inherited figure of approximately 1 million to over 2 million. 3. The poor relations that had developed between Charles and Parliament between 1625 and 1629 meant that Charles was unwilling to call Parliament for financial supply so he had to find ways of doing without Parliament.

Answer 7

1.Reduce expenditure (streamline the cost of government). i.e. financial ‘prudence’. * Peace. War is a significant cost for the government of early modern Britain and is unaffordable without taxation. -Peace with France, April 1629 -Peace with Spain, November 1630 -Revenue from trade continued to grow because of the prolonged peace * Economising - streamlining the cost of government. 2. Use prerogative rights to collect more finances through ‘ordinary income’. This became known as ‘fiscal feudalism’. 3. Continue to collect taxes without Parliament’s consent, e.g., collect tonnage and poundage despite only being voted for the first year of Charles’ Parliament

Answer 8

The Royal Household cost £260,000 per year to maintain. **Finding ways to economise would reduce the pressure on the royal finances**. Richard **Weston**, Earl of Portland, became ***Lord Treasurer in 1628***, just after his elevation to the peerage. He was a client of Buckingham and had been an MP since 1614. He was appointed to the Privy Council in 1621 and became one of the crown’s principal spokesmen in Parliament. However**, he was unpopular with his fellow MPs because of his association with Buckingham**. Nonetheless, he had a great deal of experience of financial matters because of his previous experience as Chancellor of the Exchequer. **Weston succeeded in raising the crown’s revenue and reducing its debt, but had less success in containing expenditure**. He* increased the revenue from recusancy fines* from **£5,000 in 1630 to £26,000 in 1635** and strongly favoured the policy of fining members of the gentry who were eligible for knighthoods but had not taken them up. ***Distraint of knighthood as it was known raised an extra £175,000***. Overall, **Weston raised the crown’s ordinary income by 25%, raising it to over £600,000 a year**. He managed to reduce the*** crown’s debt from £1.5 million to £1.16 million in 1635***. However, he had only limited success in reducing expenditure. He **reduced grants of pensions and annuities by 35%** and managed to halve military and naval spending but this was more due to the end of the wars with Spain and France than any of his efforts. In particular, he was not able to reduce the huge waste in the royal household. For example, each day’s ration to feed the court was over £25. This was enough to feed nearly 2,000 people for a year. **Spending on the royal household remained stubbornly at £260,000 a year** because courtiers had a vested interest in this extravagance because they either benefited directly or sold the waste.

Answer 9

William Juxon, Bishop of London and Arminian, succeeded Weston a year after his death in **1636**. The position was put into commission for a year because there was factional in-fighting over who would succeed Weston. In the end, Archbishop Laud got his way and had his supporter appointed. This was highly unusual because no cleric had been a treasurer since the Reformation. Juxon was able to **increase the rent from the customs’ farm by £22,500 in 1638. ** Income from the impositions created in 1608 almost tripled between 1636 and 1640 (£55,000 - £140,000). **Additional impositions and customs duties raised an extra £106,500**. This meant the crown was raising close to £250,000 a year, the equivalent of five parliamentary subsidies. As mentioned above, ***revenue from wardship also significantly increased in this period, by £26,000. ***

Answer 10

Extra-Parliamentary taxes on imports and exports. In 1635 a new Book of Rates increased the amount of tax resulting in a huge increase in income.

Answer 11

Charles had only been granted the tax for one year in 1625 but continued to collect it for the whole of this period. Parliament had complained about it in two documents – the Petition of Right and the Three Resolutions

Answer 12

1631-35: £270,000 PA 1635: £425,000 PA

Answer 13

Fines on those who refused to attend compulsory Church of England services.

Answer 14

Laud’s religious reforms during this period took the church in an Arminian direction. This angered their religious opponents the Puritans

Answer 15

1620s: £5,000 per year 1634: £26,000 per year

Answer 16

Anyone holding land worth £40 or more had to, in theory, attend the coronation of a new king to be knighted. If they did not attend they received a fine even though this practice had not been used since medieval times.

Answer 17

Not employed since early Tudor times (1480s), this innovative method of raising money hit the lesser gentry particularly hard. Oliver Cromwell was one of the many victims.

Answer 18

By 1635, £175,000 had been raised

Answer 19

The Crown sold corporations the sole right to sell goods in the kingdom.

Answer 20

Parliament had legislated against the crown granting monopolies to individuals in 1624 declaring that they were a sign of corruption. Charles got around Parliaments law by selling the right to corporations, not individuals. New monopolies such as ‘Popish Soap’ raised concerns about Catholic corruption at court.

Answer 21

For every £100,000 that went to Charles, £750,000 went to monopoly holders Popish Soap brought in £33,000

Answer 22

The Crown could administer the estate of an heir who inherited land before they became 21.

Answer 23

1629: £45,000 per year 1640: £84,000 per year

Answer 24

Forest Fines A fine on landowners who had extended their land boundaries beyond ancient limits and into royal forests.

Answer 25

Many wealthy landowners could not produce the legal documentation proving their right because this went back centuries. This angered wealthy landowners.

Answer 26

£38,667 raised

Answer 27

A tax, usually paid by coastal counties, in times of emergency to build ships. Charles extended it inland and made it permanent.

Answer 28

There was no emergency need for collection in the 1630s making this an unwarranted tax. In Nov 1637 a former MP, John Hampden, took Charles to court. Charles won by the narrowest possible margin (7-5).

Answer 29

£200,000 was raised per year between 1635-1638. Yet, after the Hampden Case compliance fell to just 25% by 1639.

Answer 30

Overall, these policies were successful financially, but problematic politically.

Answer 31

1. 1627 five knights case 2. hampden court- ship money

Answer 32

As a result of the** abrupt dissolution of the 1626 Parliament, Charles was desperately short of money to fight the war against Spain**. This forced him to resort to financial expedients to raise much needed money. Charles, therefore, **asked the gentry for a Free Gift**, in effect a one-off tax, with instructions to the Justices of the Peace (the King’s law enforcers and administrators in the shires) ***to record the names of those who refused to pay.*** There was nothing unusual in this. James and Elizabeth before him had resorted to requests for money in times of need. Unfortunately, **the Free Gift raised too little money. Charles, then, made the gift a forced loan, the difference being that those who refused to pay were imprisoned**. The King justified this draconian action by claiming there was a national emergency, that England faced an imminent invasion from Spain. In all, ***over 70 gentlemen were imprisoned for non-payment ***using the King’s prerogative power without charges being laid against them or a trial. This **abuse of the practice of Habeas Corpus** led five gentlemen with the title of ‘sir’ (hence five knights) to issue writs to demand to know why they had been imprisoned. They were *Thomas Darnel, Edmund Hampden, John Corbet, Walter Earl, and John Heveningham*. Their ***claim was that the King did not have the right to imprison them without showing just cause. The case was highly controversial*** not just because of the unpopularity of the Force Loan and the challenge to royal authority but also because of the conduct of the case. The original Chief Justice of the King’s Bench, which heard the case, was dismissed because he refused to support the loan’s legality. The Attorney General (the King’s lawyer), Sir Robert Heath, tried to alter the official record of the case to give the Crown a precedent for future imprisonment without trial. He was prevented from doing so by the 1628-9 Parliament. An Arminian preacher, Robert Sibthorpe, was refused a licence by the Archbishop of Canterbury, George Abbott, to preach in support of the King’s loan. The archbishop was suspended, as a consequence. Despite the controversy,** the case was finally settled in the King’s favour**; his right to imprison without showing just cause was upheld. **However, the King’s authority was damaged by the case** as many observers felt that the five knights had been badly treated.

Answer 33

1. The **York House Conference February 1626. ** Buckingham hosted this conference on religious doctrine at his London home. The** purpose of the conference** was to ***subject the Arminian Montagu’s views to expert scrutiny***. Montagu took part and the puritan divine, John Preston. The rest of the participants were almost entirely peers, including prominent puritans such as Warwick and Saye and Sele. The ***conference ended with no formal statement of its conclusions nor condemnation of Montagu’s Arminian views***. It had, however, **become clear that Buckingham sympathised with the Arminian**s, so by implication Charles, as Buckingham was his favourite. 2. **Buckingham became Chancellor of Cambridge University in 1626** and used his position to*** suppress predestinarian teaching*** at what had been the hot bed of puritanism. Effect: The York House conference and Buckingham’s appointment as Chancellor of Cambridge** showed that Charles had no sympathy with the Puritan cause and this partly explains the attempted impeachment of Buckingham by the 1626 Parliament. **

Answer 34

**Arminian doctrine was established in England after 1633 **when Laud was promoted to Archbishop of Canterbury. The policies ***were theologically Arminian*** (critical of predestination and allowed for a degree of free will) but*** have been termed Laudian because of William Laud’s role in promoting Arminian ideas*** in the Church of England.

Answer 35

1. theological reform 2. Laud was concerned with the prevalence of ‘low church’ and Puritan practices in the Church of England

Answer 36

Laud **believed in the doctrine of ‘Free choice’ which challenged the prevailing notion of predestination**. Predestination was the notion that the ‘elect’ had been chosen by God to go to heaven and could not do anything in their own life to influence this. The **implication of this was that the vast majority would be condemned to everlasting damnation, while the elect could achieve salvation with no effort**. Both Charles and Laud*** favoured ‘free choice***’ which meant that **salvation could be achieved by choosing to live a religious life** – through prayer and good deeds.

Answer 37

Some Puritan churches had degraded the church so much that they disrespected it as a place of worship. Laud: ‘I saw a woman dancing her child upon the Lord’s Holy Table; when she was gone I saw a great deal of water upon the table’ (i.e. **churches were not respected as the holy house of God**). One of the reasons for ***railing off the altar was to protect it from the sacrilegious attention***s of local parishioners and their dogs. Some Puritan **churches ignored the Book of Common Prayer entirely and held sermons** (lack of uniformity/order to Arminian doctrine) Sabbatarianism: **some Puritan churches had sermons on Sunday afternoon**, after the morning service, which meant they did not have to conform to the Book of Common Prayer (lack of conformity)

Answer 38

1. To impose uniformity in the church 2.To make churches the ‘holy house of God’ 3.To eradicate Puritanism 4.To increase church influence

Answer 39

1. re-introduced altars 2. all services stricly followed the common book of prayer 3.Attempts to establish conformity – a compliance with standards, rule and laws.

Answer 40

According to the Elizabethan Injunctions of 1559 the communion table was to be stored in the Chancel and brought into the middle of the service for the convenience of distributing communion but after the service it was to be returned to the Chancel. This, however, was inconvenient and so many communion tables were left in the middle of the Church. Laud reversed this. **He believed ceremonies involving the altar represented people’s free choice to be saved**. Therefore, the communion table (decorated like a Catholic Altar) was placed against the easternmost wall where the Catholic altar would have been. It was covered with a decorated embroidered cloth and separated with a rail from the rest of the Church. **The altar was so important because as Laud said in 1637, ‘the altar is the greatest place of God’s residence upon earth.'**

Answer 41

Clergy given instructions about format and words of each service. Focus on prayer and contemplation (salvation through free choice) this challenged the Puritan idea of predestination.

Answer 42

Laud introduced a number of official inspections to ensure compliance. 1. **Annual Visitations**: ***bishops checked on churches to ensure services, the altar, and buildings conformed to Laudian doctrine each year***. For example, bishops checked on pew heights and ensured they were uniform. Puritans did not like the insistence on uniform pew heights because pews were used to underline the gentry’s social superiority. 2. .**Presentment Bills **were introduced*** involving reports on churches, clergy, and parishioners by bishops.*** Any dissent was punished harshly – bishops risked losing their jobs and parishioners risked harsher sentences.

Answer 43

1. beauty of holiness

Answer 44

For Laud, churches were supposed to represent the God’s house on Earth and were significant in his theology for two reasons. Firstly,** churches held a symbolic importance. When decorated appropriately, they were places that demanded reverence**. This meant that people should behave appropriately. Many people agreed with the need to restore the fabric of the churches. In 1631 a fundraising campaign began for the renovation of St. Paul’s Cathedral. Secondly, churches were important theologically. **To achieve salvation through free choice once must illustrate to God that one has chosen the good, Christian life**. ***Ceremonies*** and practice within church was ***important to ‘show’ this. *** These ideas resulted in Laud’s philosophy of the **importance of ‘beauty of holiness’.** Churches were therefore beautified through decorations so that churches once again became the ‘holy house of God’. Laud reintroduced the following: *** 1. stained-glass windows 2. statues of saints 3. candles and altar cloths*

Answer 45

**Puritans** took the Ten Commandments literally and **believed that Sunday should solely be a day of religion**. They did not like people engaging in social activities on a Sunday because they thought it promoted disorder amongst the lower classes In **1633, Charles reissued James’ Book of Sports and ordered it to be read in every church in the country**. The Book of Sports stated that sports were allowed on Sunday afternoons with the consent of the king. ***Priests who did not read the Book were expelled from their parish. ***

Answer 46

Laud, as part of his policy to** put holy communion, and therefore the altar, at the centre of church services** instead of the pulpit and sermons, curbed the freedom of lecturers He persuaded the King in **1629 to require lecturers to wear a surplice and hood (decorative vestments) and to deliver a Common Book of Prayer service before delivering their sermons. ** Future appointments of lecturers by towns would have to accept a living (parish) which would place them under direct control of the local bishop.

Answer 47

In **1633, Feoffees for Impropriations were banned as illegal corporations**. Their endowments and ability to appoint lecturers were taken away and given to the crown. Feoffees were a fund which bought up impropriate tithes (the right to tithes that had been sold with monastery land in the Reformation to the laity). **The money raised from the tithes was used to pay puritan sympathising ministers, lecturers and schoolmasters to spread puritan ideas. By 1633, they were paying 18 ministers. **

Answer 48

Puritans tried to challenge Laud’s doctrine in pamphlets which flooded the streets through the 1630s. Most of the pamphlets were anonymous due to fear of reprisals, but a few brave (or foolish) souls put their names on the pamphlets. * The** punishments were unusually severe** given that these men were gentlemen and members of the learned elite. **Their ears were cut off, they were forced to pay heavy fines and they were sentenced to life imprisonmen**t.

Answer 49

Arminians exalted royal authority to ensure the protection of the King against the majoritarian puritan view in Parliament and to** increase the political influence of the Church of England. ** By** preaching the righteousness of the Divine Right theory, Arminian clergy gained church promotions**; they also received promotions into political positions. During this period, Arminian bishops held both religious and political positions. For example: 1. William Juxon was both Bishop of London and Lord Treasurer 2. ***William Laud was both Archbishop and a leading figure in two prerogative courts***: Star Chamber and the Court of High Commission in which he dealt with religious dissenters.

Answer 50

Generally, Laud’s policies wer**e unpopular both to moderate Protestants AND Puritans**. They complained that the Laudian reforms were going against the true and orthodox church created by Elizabeth. Th***e most extreme opposition came from Puritans***, especially as Laud singled them and their ideas out for suppression.

Answer 51

1. laudianism resembled catholicism 2. laudianism challenged puritan beliefs 3. personal dislike of laud

Answer 52

**Policies such as the reintroduction of altars, decorations, and an emphasis on the hierarchy of the church, appeared to resemble a return to Catholic practices**. The main aim of the Puritans was to eradicate aspects of Catholicism from the Church of England, so for this group it was a concern. Yet, this was **also a concern for more moderate Anglicans**. Strong anti-Catholic beliefs were still firmly held in the 1630s and this **combined with concerns about Charles’ Catholic wife. Many genuinely feared this was part of a plot to *‘return England to Rome’*. ** **Puritans were suspicious of Arminians because they were difficult to spot**. Unlike Catholics, they were not conspicuous by their absence from Church services. Many Puritans believed they operated like a fifth column within the Church of England. ***Puritans showed their disapproval through Parliamentary attacks on renowned Arminians such as Richard Montagu***, Robert Sibthorpe and Roger Mainwaring (pronounced Mannering). In **1625** Parliament ***accused Montagu of ‘casting odious and scandalous name of puritans*** upon such His Majesty’s loving subjects as conform themselves to the doctrine and ceremony of the Church of England’ in reaction to his appointment as Charles’ chaplain.

Answer 53

Puritans were particularly unhappy about Laudian policies. Most of Laud’s actions attacked Puritans in one way or another. * 1633 Book of Sports challenged the Puritan belief in Sabbatarianism – the notion that Sunday should solely be a day for religious contemplation * Laud’s emphasis on ‘free will’ challenged the Puritan belief in predestination

Answer 54

Laud was **60** when he became Archbishop of Canterbury so he **was in a hurry to reform. This meant he had no regard for critics. ** The Puritan gentry **resented Laud’s urgency to establish conformity and attacked his low birth. **

Answer 55

when the Book of Sports was published, **Puritan ministers made attempts to avoid delivering the message properly.** Ministers were expected to read the book to their congregation, yet, this went against the Puritan belief in Sabbatarianism. Puritans ministers (appointed prior to 1624) developed ways to oppose the Book. Of those recorded…. 1. Minister Richard Clayton of Leicestershire had a schoolmaster read it 2. Minister Edward Williams read it to an empty church an hour before the congregation started 3. Others mumbled the words so they could not be heard.

Answer 56

In 1633 the Parishioners of St. Gregory’s Church in London refused to move their communion table (they were brought in front of the Privy Council and forced to conform) Minister Nathaniel Ward refused to follow the Common Prayer Book and was dismissed in 1633 (he later emigrated) Henry Sherfield destroyed stain-glass windows in 1633 and was prosecuted

Answer 57

* Puritans challenged Laudianism by writing pamphlets and spreading them. * Many were written anonymously and described Laudian bishops as ‘vipers’ and ‘bloodsuckers’ * Some bold Puritans wrote their names on them

Answer 58

Others decided that Laudianism made the life they wanted to live difficult if not impossible in England. These groups decided that the best thing to do was to move to a country where religious freedoms were tolerated. **Most in this situation emigrated to the New World. America was viewed as a place of opportunity and also a place where religious freedom could be practiced**. Puritans viewed the lack of a clear political hierarchy as an opportunity to conduct their form of religion

Answer 59

**1631 Book of Orders** – a set of instructions for Sheriffs and JPs clarifying their responsibilities and **outlining a system where local officials were more accountable to the Privy Council**. This was done through the requirement of regular reports **Reforms of the militia** – counties were ordered to maintain stores of gunpowder and shot, improve their weapons and drill the militia properly. Commissioners were appointed by the Privy Council to ensure these measures were being implemented.

Answer 60

In Wentworth’s capacity as Lord President of the Council of the North he imposed royal authority in the north of England. **Between 1628-1633 he ruled the north of England harshly and effectively, imposing royal authority** in areas such as Yorkshire. He zealously ***demanded conformity to the 1631 Book of Orders*** which forced land owners to pay Poor Rates for the poor in their parishes. The north of England was not used to impositions from central government and the gentry was generally hostile, **yet this type of imposition forced local landowners to govern their parishes effectively. **

Answer 61

Wentworth’s **severity aroused opposition**. He sentenced a man named Bellasis to **a month in prison for failing to remove his hat in Wentworth’s presence**. Bellasis’ actions were perceived as a rejection of royal authority by disrespecting the King’s representative in the North. Another man, David Foulis, accused Charles of corruption by fining people for distraint of knighthood. Wentworth had him charged with slander.

Answer 62

For most of his reign, Charles took little interest in Ireland. When he did it was only to further his interests in England and he never visited the country. Charles’ lack of attention to the colony meant that others were able to take the initiative in Irish affairs, namely Laud and Wentworth.

Answer 63

1. new english 2. old english 3. the gaelic

Answer 64

**Protestants** (Puritans or Scottish Presbyterians) living in plantation settlements, mainly in the north of Ireland. The New English are Protestant settlers who **James I had used to ethnically cleanse Ulster** (modern day Northern Ireland). They were given land and allowed to enforce Protestantism on the local population to Anglicise them in order to civilise and suppress rebellion. **They are gaining influence. **

Answer 65

**descended from the original Norman conquerors of Ireland**. They were **Catholic** but they were loyal to the English monarchy. They held a third of the land and half of the seats in the Irish Parliament. Their leaders had good contacts at the English court. **They considered themselves to be the rightful aristocracy of Ireland**. However, they were** losing influence to the New English. **

Answer 66

native Irish who had been conquered by the Normans. Much of their land had been taken by the Old and New English, making them the poorest group in Ireland. They were Catholics

Answer 67

Eradicate the Irish budget deficit Exert royal control over the Irish Parliament and peoples Implement Arminian reforms of the Anglican Church in Ireland

Answer 68

When Wentworth became Lord Deputy **Ireland was costing England £20,000 a year. He raised Irish revenues from £40,000 to £80,000 a yea**r. He achieved this by introducing a new **Book of Rates in 1634 which doubled customs income.** In 1634 he even raised taxes through the Irish Parliament. He also took direct control of the tobacco monopoly, increased rents on former crown land in return for recognition of legal title to land and exploitation of wardship and resumption of the plantation policy.

Answer 69

* Wentworth’s main tactic in establishing royal control was to **play off the different political groups against each other** – divide and rule. This was unlike the approach of previous Lord Deputies * Wentworth challenged the basis of the Old English’ authority, their land. He made a claim, on behalf of the Crown, for the whole region of Connacht.** Any Old English landowners who could not prove their legal ownership of the land had it stripped from them. The New English also had land stripped from them.** Church land was re-claimed in 1634 from the ***Earl of Cork was summoned before Star Chamber and fined £15,000 for taking church property. *** * Yet, although these measures were successful in imposing the Crowns authority, they came at a significant cost. **Wentworth was alienating two social groups** – the Old and New English – who were most predisposed to English Rule in Ireland. I**n the long-term, England needed these groups on-side and Wentworth was failing to ensure this. ** * Wentworth was given a free hand in Ireland and his alliance with Laud made him unassailable. Wentworth was highly ambitious and he hoped to impress Charles with his achievements in Ireland so that the king would give him a senior position in the English Privy Council.

Answer 70

* Wentworth introduced many of the English **Arminian reforms in Ireland**, for example the removal of the communion table to the east end of churches and kneeling when receiving communion. These measures were **enforced by an Irish court of High Commission. He also enforced the Thirty-Nine Articles** (doctrine of the Church of England) and introduced most of the English canons * The outcome was, once again, that Charles’ will was imposed, but at great cost. The **policies angered the ‘New English’ who saw Laudianism as similar to Catholicism**. Catholics (native and ‘old English’ were also angered by the pressure to conform – e.g. recusancy fines. ***By 1640 Ireland was still split religiously between Catholics and Protestants, but Ireland had very few ‘Laudians’ in 1640. *** * The Covenanter Rebellion in Scotland made the New English and Scots Presbyterian settlers even more determined to resist the Arminian changes. However, Wentworth practised de facto toleration of the Catholics. Recusancy fines were not collected and attempts to convert them to Protestantism were relaxed. Wentworth took the view that until the Protestant Church in Ireland had been reformed and strengthened it was in no state to convert Catholics.

Answer 71

Wentworth’s** policies were seen by contemporaries as what the King would like carry out in England, which increased fears of despotism**. However, this was an exaggerated fear. Cust argues that although Wentworth had a free hand in Ireland, his policies reflected Charles’ prejudices and priorities; Charles was ultimately in charge in Ireland, but he was operating by remote control (through Wentworth) rather than directly.

Answer 72

Charles appeared to have little concern about Scotland. Just like Ireland, **he seemed to believe scotland was merely an extension of England**, rather than an independent kingdom which had been united under James. In 1625, Charles revoked all gifts of land to the Scottish nobles by the Crown and Kirk made since 1540. He did not take back the land and confirmed owners’ title to it, if given the tithes that went with the land. In 1633 Charles made his first visit to Scotland since childhood for his Scottish coronation and only spent two weeks there. **Scotland had effectively been ruled by an absentee monarch since 1603). Few Scots were in positions of influence at Court and Scots were excluded from growing overseas trade. **

Answer 73

* **1637** that the ***English Book of Common Prayer ***be introduced to Scotland. He did this because **he disliked the lack of ceremony and unscripted prayers of the Scottish Church** --meant that church services would have to conform to English rules/prayers. * The **Scottish Kirk** – traditionally Presbyterian in nature – was **not used to this form of imposition**. Traditionally, elders decided church services at local level. They were** now being told what to do by Charles**. Scottish churches were also renovated to introduce the concept of ***‘beauty of holiness’. *** * The manner of the** introduction of the English prayer book was *dictatorial***. Charles did not consult with the Scottish Privy Council, Scottish Parliament, of General Assembly of the Kirk * Some of the Scottish** bishops tried to persuade Charles to modify the new prayer book but Charles imposed a new set of ecclesiastical canons** (laws) on the Scottish clergy to which they had to swear an oath before the new liturgy (order of service) was published. Charles also appointed several bishops to the Scottish Privy Council.

Answer 74

***July***: Charles introduced English Book of Common Prayer into Scotland. **Prayer Book Riots break out as the Scottish congregation refuse to follow the orders** of Bishops reading the English Book of Common Prayer.*** By October the riots were so bad, the Scottish Privy Council felt the need to flee Edinburgh.*** Laud advises Charles ‘not to yield a jot’.

Answer 75

* February: Charles makes it **treasonous to protest against the Book of Common Prayer ** * February: **Scottish nobles sign the National Covenant**. The Covenant was a document outlining the agreement of the Scottish people. It ***outlined Scotland’s refusal to abide by the introduction of Laudianism and their commitment to the Scottish Presbyterian Kirk***. It also outlined their opposition to the introduction of Catholic innovations in the church. In the document* they commit to raising an army to protect their church, but they also outlined that they respected the king’s authority.* Overall, the **document was a moderate, not a radical one. Hundreds of thousands of ‘Covenanters’ had signed it by the end of the year. ** * September: ***Charles suspends the new prayer book and the 1635 canons***. He sends the Duke of Hamilton to **negotiate with the Covenanters whilst secretly building up an army**. Hamilton flatters the Covenanters with false promises of concessions. * November: The ***General Assembly of the Scottish Kirk bans the Book of Common Prayer in Scotland, the 1635 Canons and abolished bishops. ***

Answer 76

**Early 1639 Charles assembles an army at York to attack Scotland ** March: Scottish General, Alexander Leslie, seizes Edinburgh Castle **June: The First Bishops War.** Charles invades Scotland, fully expecting that his army would defeat the Scots. Unfortunately for Charles, **the Scottish army was both more experienced and better run than his own army. Alexander Leslie, had commanded troops as a mercenary for Sweden in the Thirty Years War and was a well respected and competent leader**. Leslie had positioned his troops in a defensive formation on the side of a hill.** Charles’ commander - Lord Holland – was an inexperienced commander appointed out of patronage rather than merit**. His cavalry scouted the Scots only to turn back and spread fear and panic about the size of the Scots army. By this stage, ***Charles recognised the weaknesses of his army and sought a truce.***

Answer 77

**18 June: Pacification of Berwick.** A ceasefire between Charles and Covenanters. *Both sides agree to disband their armies. Charles agreed to recall Scottish Assembly of the Kirk and the Scottish Parliament*. Yet, **Charles viewed it as temporary measure** and stuck with Laud’s advice of refusing to ‘yield a jot’. In the end, neither actually disbanded their armies. ***Charles was not willing to accept his defeat in the first Bishops’ War and immediately set about preparing for another attack on Scotland. *** September: **Charles brings Strafford back from Ireland to advise him** – he recommends the recall of Parliament, as does the Privy Council.

Answer 78

**The Short Parliament.** Charles recalls Parliament in an **attempt to raise finances for a continuation of the War**. Parliament ***refuse without an agreement to settle their grievances***. Charles dissolves Parliament despite receiving no supply and continues with the Second Bishops War.

Answer 79

** The Second Bishops War**. The Scots realise that Charles is hell-bent on war and, given time, could defeat them. The ***Covenanters change tactics and invade England with an army of 20,000 men***. They pre-emptively occupied Northumberland in July. The Earl of Northumberland withdrew from the command of Charles’ garrison in the region, claiming ‘illness’. Covenanters took Newcastle (the source of London’s coal supplies, denying the city of its energy source). The Scots began to march towards York (and were in regular communication with English opponents of the king). **Charles calls on the Council of Peers who advise peace and the recall of Parliament. Charles had no option but to accept their advice. **

Answer 80

October: The **Treaty of Ripon.** Peace treaty between Charles and Covenanters. The terms were that the** Scots would occupy Northumberland and Charles would pay £850 per day to the Scots until a settlement was made**. The English Parliament would be recalled and ***could not be dissolved until the Scots were paid***. **November: The Long Parliament sits, marking the end of Personal Rule! **

Answer 81

1. **English forces divided in the first wa**r – Charles split control of the army (Earl of Arundel and Earl of Essex) and the cavalry (Lord Holland). Holland went ahead, faced significant opposition and retreated leading the rest of the army to think it was outnumbered (when in fact the Scottish commander made his numbers look bigger than they were) 2. **Unpopularity of the wars in England**. Charles asked the English lords to join him at York with money and men and swear an oath of allegiance to him. But several refused, in particular Lord Saye and Sele and Lord Brooke (part of the Puritan Network). They sympathized with the Scots Presbyterians and many ordinary Puritan soldiers deserted. 3. **Charles underestimated the Scottish army**. Many Scots were experienced soldiers having fought for the Swedish in the Thirty Years War and they were led by a very experienced commander, Alexander Leslie. 4. **Weakness of the English military system**. Local militias were unprepared to fight experienced mercenaries. 5. **Popularity of the war in Scotland**. Scots mobilised quickly and were enthusiastic about the cause, as shown by the** hundreds of thousands who signed the National Covenant. **

Answer 82

Debate: there are different views as to why Personal Rule collapsed. Some historians emphasise the role of short-term factors and specific issues as they developed over the course of 1637-1640. Most prominent in this argument are the Bishops Wars. On the other hand, others emphasise the important longer-term issues throughout Personal Rule. Charles financial and religious policies arguably sowed the seeds for the eventual downfall of Personal Rule. Below are some of the arguments on this debate.

Answer 83

1. the bishops wars 2. Laudianism de-stabilised England, Scotland, and Ireland. 3. unpopular financial policies 4. unsustainable financial policies 5. charles belief in divine right

Answer 84

Ultimately it was a Scottish army that forced Charles to recall Parliament in the Treaty of Ripon at the end of 1640. Without this, Charles would never have recalled Parliament.

Answer 85

The problems caused by Laudianism were greater than the positives that it brought about. In **England it led to tensions between Puritans and the bishops, reigniting a religious conflict that had settled down during James’ reign**. In Scotland and Ireland, equally, Charles’ **drive for conformity and disregard for the local religious conditions destabilised the two countrie**s. In Scotland this had the most devastating impact and led directly to the Bishops Wars.

Answer 86

Each of Charles’ financial policies had angered one group or another. Many were concerned that they symbolised an attempt to take powers over taxation away from Parliament. The Hampden Case is an example of strong opposition. 5 of the 12 judges (who had been appointed by Charles) agreed with Hampden’s case, signifying the strength of the opposition.

Answer 87

Charles’ financial policies were unsustainable and this meant that Charles** struggled to raise money over the long-term.** Most of his financial policies were ‘fines’. The nature of these fines is that they can only be collected once. This means that although Charles was **able to raise lots of money early on in the 1630s, it was inevitable that by the end of the 1630s this pool of resources would be drying up.** Indeed, during the Bishops War Charles was so short of money that he tried to recall Parliament in April in a desperate attempt to raise further resources.

Answer 88

Charles’ firmly held belief in his divine right to rule meant that the nature of his rule was arbitrary. Charles imposed policies on people rather than discussing it with them. This style of rule led inevitably to issues in Scotland, Ireland, and England.