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James and parli Flashcards

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1
Q

james 1 personality

A
  • rude and undignified
  • relied heavily on ‘favourites
  • extravangance
  • interested in extravagant shows called Masques
  • cowardly
  • neglected his public image
  • strong believe in divine right
  • an intellectual
  • religiously tolerant
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2
Q

example of james extravagance compared to elizabeth 1

A

Elizabeth spent around £300,000 per year, while James spent around £522,000 in 1614

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3
Q

what happened in 1603

key chronology of james reign

A

march- accession of james
april- millenary petition prrsented to J

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4
Q

what happened in 1604

key chronology of james reign

A

March: Parliament sits

March-April: The Goodwin Case

August: Treaty of London ends war with Spain

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5
Q

what happened in 1605

key chronology of james reign

A

Nov- gunpowder plot

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6
Q

what happened in 1606

key chronology of james reign

A

Bates Case

September: Catholics are forced to take a new oath of allegiance.

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7
Q

what happened in 1610

key chronology of james reign

A

nov- the great contract rejected

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8
Q

what happened in 1611

key chronology of james reign

A

February: Parliament dissolved

New version of the Bible published – The King James Bible

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9
Q

what happened in 1613

key chronology of james reign

A

February: James’ daughter Elizabeth married to Fredrick of the Palatinate

Fredrick was a leading Protestant in central Germany

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10
Q

what happened in 1614

key chronology of james reign

A

April-June: The Addled Parliament
December: The Cockayne scheme

Parli dissolved in June. Between 1615-1620 there was no Parli

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11
Q

whta happened in 1618

key chronology of james reign

A

May: Start of the Thirty Years War and James issues the Book of Sports

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12
Q

what was the 30yrs war

simple

A

The Thirty Years War was a devastating conflict between Protestants and Catholics in Europe. Frederick was a leader of the Protestant side

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13
Q

what happened in 1621

key chronology of james reign

A

January: Parliament recalled

December: The Commons Protestation

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14
Q

what ahppened in 1622

key chronology of james reign

A

Jan- parli dissolved

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15
Q

what ahppened in 1623

key chronology of james reign

A

February: Buckingham and Prince Charles travel to Madrid to arrange the Spanish Match

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16
Q

what happened in 1624

key chronology of james reign

A

February: Parliament recalled

June: Marriage of Charles and Henrietta Maria agreed

Henrietta Maria was the sister of the French King and a Catholic

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17
Q

whta happened in 1625

key chronology of james reign

A

March: James I dies and is succeeded by Charles I.

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18
Q

when was the first parli under J

A

1604-1611

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19
Q

probs under the first parli

A

*Parliament frustrated James’ attempts to create union between England and Scotland *

  1. Parliament was wary of James’ accession because of his writings on the divine right of kings. Also, parliaments in Europe were having their powers curtailed by kings
  2. Relations got off to a bad start in 1604 when the crown tried to intervene in a disputed election return which Parliament believed to be its prerogative to decide (Goodwin case)
  3. the Gunpowder Plot somewhat restored relations between the King and Parliament and a generous subsidy of £400,000 was voted
  4. However, the Commons refused to support full union between England and Scotland because it feared it would give the king too much power
  5. James tried to get around Parliament’s objection to union by resorting to the courts (1608 Calvin case). Parliament saw this as an attack on its privileges
  6. In the final session of this Parliament in 1610, James lectured it on his divine right to rule
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20
Q

what was the second parli called

A

the addled parli

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21
Q

when was the addled parli

A

1614 [only lasted a matter of weeks]

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22
Q

problems facing the addled parli

A
  1. passed no legislation nor voted any money
  2. The Commons refused to consider a subsidy until its grievances over impositions (customs duties on specific goods) and the domination of Scots over positions in the Bedchamber were addressed
  3. The criticism of Scots’ dominance of the Bedchamber was a thinly veiled attack on James’ favourite at the time, Robert Carr
  4. It can be argued that James mismanaged the situation by having so few Privy Councillors in Parliament to win over support for the King
  5. James dissolved it in frustration and expressed his frustration to the Spanish ambassador in these terms
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23
Q

whne was the 3rd parli

A

1621-22

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24
Q

when did J face most opposition to his policies

A

the final two Parliaments of his rule

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25
Q

problems facing 3rd parli

A

Disagreements between James and Parliament, especially over foreign policy and Charles’ marriage but also over the use of monopolies and there was an attempt to impeach Buckingham.

This Parliament was called to provide money in case of a foreign policy emergency

The Commons wanted to help James’ son-in-law Frederick, Elector Palatine, to recapture his lands but was unwilling to vote the £1 million a year required without more of a say over the direction of James’ foreign policy

Instead it offered £140,000

James seemed to invite their input but then grew frustrated when they openly criticised his pro-Spanish policy and the proposed marriage to the Spanish Infanta

He saw this as an attack on his prerogative and ordered Parliament to stop interfering in royal policy. He added that he would punish MPs, even when sitting in Parliament if they continued to do so

Parliament retaliated with the Protestation – a defence of parliamentary liberty and freedom of speech

James, ripped up the Protestation and abruptly dissolved the Parliament

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26
Q

when was the final parli undrr J

A

1624-25

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27
Q

probs facing the final parli under J

A

Subsidies voted and agreement over foreign policy, although disquiet over Charles’ marriage to Henrietta Maria

Parliament was delighted by the safe return of Charles from his Spanish escapade and pleased by the change in foreign policy which the failure to woo the Spanish princess caused

It voted James a £300,000 subsidy but placed restrictions on how the money was to be used and restricted the grants of patents of monopolies to new inventions only and companies rather than individuals

However, the marriage contract that Buckingham negotiated with France did not sit well with Parliament

It particularly disliked the toleration of Henrietta Maria’s continued open practice of Catholicism, which applied to her household and any royal children until the age of 13 and the relaxation of the recusancy laws

Also it expected there to be a military alliance between England and France against the Spanish as a condition of the marriage but Buckingham failed to gain such a concession

Furthermore, a dangerous precedent was set when Parliament was allowed to impeach Lord Treasurer, Cranfield, for corruption

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28
Q

summary of J’s relation with parli

A

Disagreements over finance, religious and foreign policy

Use of dissolution to subdue criticism and silence contrary views

An instinctive dislike and distrust of Parliament

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29
Q

factors regarding What was the main reason for disputes between James and Parliament?

A

DROK
finance
foreign policy

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30
Q

what was DROK

A

The king’s decisions are supported by God

Disobedience to the king was sinful to God

This idea legitimised a hierarchical society and prevented uprisings

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31
Q

probs arising from belief in DROK

A
  1. justified a absolutist monarchy
  2. monarch could rule outside of the laws of Parliament if required
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32
Q

when was the goodwin case

A

1604

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33
Q

expalin the goodwin case

Disputes with Parliament over Divine Right

A

Francis Goodwin was elected MP for Buckinghamshire in 1604, but the election was disputed:

James’ lawyers disputed the election of the grounds he was an outlaw.

The House of Commons supported Goodwin and were shocked by apparent royal interference.

James’ believed he had the Divine Right to settle the election:

Goodwin was dismissed and his opponent, John Fortescue, who was a privy councillor, was returned in his place.

Concerned by royal interference, the House voted to re-instate Goodwin

Their concern was that James was attempting to reduce the political independence of the Commons and fill it with his own allies

Yet, in April James backed down and conceded the right of the Commons to settle elections.

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34
Q

explain Union of England and Scotland

Disputes with Parliament over Divine Right:

A

Scotland and England were separate kingdoms despite being ruled over by the same monarch. This meant they had different laws, religion, cultures and political systems.

Yet, now they had the same king, James I believed it was his divine right to unite the kingdoms – believing it was what God wanted him to do.

James made a proposal to Parliament unite the kingdoms under the name of ‘Britain’.

Parliament, however, rejected his proposal for the Union. MPs were fearful that the new kingdom would have no laws and that the English Parliament would be a mere provincial assembly.

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35
Q

outcome of proposed union of england and scotland

A

James recognised, again, that this was an impossibility. So, he stepped away from the political proposal and advocated a symbolic one. By royal proclamation he:

  • Called himself The King of Great Britain
  • Created the ‘Jack’ flag after the latin name for James
  • Re-designed the Royal Coat of Arms with the lion of England balanced by the Unicorn of Scotland.
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36
Q

key highlight of James’ 1610 proclamation

Disputes with Parliament over Divine Right:

A

“The state of the monarchy is the supremist thing upon Earth”

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37
Q

significance of disputes over divine right

A

James belief in Divine Right exacerbated (worsened) disputes with Parliament but did not cause them

Disputes were about concrete issues, such as the election of an undesirable individual to Parliament, purveyance, wardship, the unification of England and Scotland (Great Contract), not about the theory of kingship

James was usually pragmatic about these issues, backing down when there was significant opposition

Ultimately, James was willing to rule within the law

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38
Q

two types of income under the monarch

A
  1. ordinary
  2. extradionary
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39
Q

use of ordinary income AND extradionary incoem

A

an expectation that the King paid for the running of government out of his ordinary income and only turned to Parliament in ‘extraordinary’ times – such as war

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40
Q

prob facing both james and charles regarding ordinary income

A

unfortunately for James and Charles, the** cost of government had expanded dramatically by the 17th century** for a number of reasons. This meant that the monarchs** ‘ordinary income’ was no longer enough to pay for the costs of government.**

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41
Q

nature of ordinary income

A

Monarch’s private income: supposed to cover the day-to-day costs of government. E.g. patronage, cost of administration, royal court.

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42
Q

types of ordinary income

7

A
  1. income from crown land
  2. ship money
  3. wardship
  4. purveyance
  5. tonnage and poundage
  6. impositions
  7. monoplies
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43
Q

what is income from crown land

A

*farming and other forms of income such as rent from land owned by the monarch *

In the Middle Ages the crown had been the largest landowner. However, over time these lands had been gifted to favourites and loyal servants or had been sold to pay debts. B**y 1641 time only a small proportion of these estates remained to the crown, raising less than £100,00 a year. **

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44
Q

what is ship money

A

the right to raise money from coastal counties to pay for the navy. Only accepted in times of national defence

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45
Q

what is wardship

A

The king had the right to take income from a member of the nobility’s estate when he died if the heir was a minor or an unmarried woman.

This was a relic of the feudal period. Wardship could be given as a reward to courtiers for which the crown would be given a cut. It was dreaded by noble families because two wardships in quick succession could ruin a family.

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46
Q

earnings of wardship in 1625 and 1640

A

In 1625, it was raising £40,000 a year for the crown, by 1640 this was £76,000 a year

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47
Q

what is purveyance

A

The crown’s right to purchase goods below market value

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48
Q

what is tonnage and poundage

A

a customs tax on imports/exports. Usually conferred by Parliament to a monarch at the start of their reign

Tonnage was the tax levied on every tun (cask) of wine imported, mainly from Spain and Portugal. Poundage was the tax levied on every pound of weight imported or exported. It raised nearly one half of the crown’s annual income, about £400,000 a year. These were not collected by the crown directly but by customs farmers. Farmers would bid for the right to collect – the contract would go to the highest bidder and payment would be up front. By the 1630s, bids were made for up to three years in advance.

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49
Q

what are impositions

A

James introduced a new customs duty on 1400 items. They were worth £70,000 a year.

50
Q

what are monopolies

A

The monarch had the power to grant the exclusive right to provide a good or service

Exclusivity meant that the monopoly provider could charge a higher price. The crown earned money by selling these monopolies to the highest bidder. These monopolies could be justified on the grounds of protecting a new industry, especially against foreign competition. However, for many they were a way of making money. For example, everything from soap to currants was a monopoly (see excerpt from Hill).

51
Q

earnings from monopolies [end of 1630’s]

A

By the end of the 1630s, monopolies were worth £100,000 a year to the crown and there were some 700 of them. However, for every £100,000 raised about £750,000 went into the monopoly holders’ pockets

52
Q

nature of extradinary income

A

Income from Parliament: supposed to provide for the cost of extra-ordinary issues such as war, coronations, royal funerals.

53
Q

types of extradioanry income

A
  1. parliamentary subsidies
  2. loans
54
Q

what were parliamentary subsidies

A

a one-off tax on wealth. Since Magna Carta (1215) the monarch had to have Parliament’s permission to collect taxes. This was the cornerstone of the balance of power between the king and Parliament (representing the gentry).

Parliament would only grant this tax if deemed necessary. Parliaments often refused subsidies to influence policy.

55
Q

value of parliamentary subsidies

A

The subsidy was levied at 4 shillings for every £ of wealth. It was levied on the most wealthy, as a tax on landed incomes, and the value of a person’s goods. Assessment of the tax to be paid was left to local administrators who often undervalued people’s wealth. A typical subsidy raised £70,000 but this was usually not sufficient and so multiple subsidies were often granted. This had been declining in real terms because of inflation and the undervaluing of the wealth of subsidy payers. For example, the Duke of Buckingham’s income was rated at £400 a year, but, in reality it was £15,000 in 1623

56
Q

what were loans

A

Money borrowed from wealthy individual and institutions.

A loan was usually a short-term expedient. Loans could be gained from a variety of sources – international financiers, the City of London, courtiers, members of the nobility and wealthy merchants. The crown had a poor track record in repaying loans and eventually the City of London refused to give any more loans. The most famous loan in this period was the 1626 Forced Loan.

57
Q

inherited probs from Elizabeth 1

A
  1. debt - £420,000 [exceeded the crown’s ordinary income]
  2. Elizabeth had sold off crown lands to keep debt low - meant that James could not rely on the Crowns estates as mcuh
  3. inflation - When James received subsidies from Parliament they were at a fixed rate; This meant that James could only afford to buy about a fifth of what Elizabeth could after receiving a subsidy from Parliament.
58
Q

action taken by j1 to deal with inflation

A

there was no action to deal with the falling value of the parliamentary subsidies due to inflation and deliberate under-rating of subsidy payers.

59
Q

examples of j1’s extravagance

A

James lavished his friends with expensive gifts: in 1610 he gave out £80,000 in gifts (Elizabeth I averaged £30,000 per year)

James’ friend, James Hay, developed the courtly tradition of the ‘ante-supper’. This was the idea that a full meal would be prepared before the meal and then discarded before the real meal was served. In 1621 one of these ‘ante-suppers’ cost James £3,000.

He spent £185,000 on jewels between 1603 and 1612

In 1607 he spent £44,000 paying off the debts of Robert Carr and £30,000 on Buckingham in the 1620s

James increased debt from £500,000 to £900,000 between 1614-1618.

60
Q

when was the book of rates issues

A

1604

61
Q

what was the book of rates

A

James re-issued a Book of Rates which **set new market prices on customs taxes.
**
He also leased out the collection of these taxes to collect customs revenue, rather than government tax collectors. The terms of this leasing were that the merchants (known as customs farmers) who received the lease had to pay £120,000 to James each year. Any money they collected on top of this sum the custom farmers kept.

62
Q

advantages of book of rates

A
  1. The king gained a regular, secure income
  2. Customs farmers had an interest in collecting as much as possible
  3. Could be used to reward loyal servants
63
Q

disadvantages of the book of rates

A
  1. Prevented the crown from receiving the true value of customs
  2. It looked as if James was creating a taxation system outside of Parliament’s control.
64
Q

what did the book of rates lead to

A

the bates case of 1606

65
Q

what was the bates case of 1606

A

Bates refused to pay a customs duty on currants, claiming it had not been legitimised by Parliament

The judge dismissed it in favour of the King’s argument that the monarch had the right to regulate trade

The implication of this was that taxes were expanded. In 1608 a new Book of Rates was published which introduced impositions, a new customs duty on an additional 1,400 items to be taxed.

66
Q

when was the great contract

A

1610

67
Q

who created the great contract

A

Robert Cecil

68
Q

what was the great cobtract

A

an extensive scheme that would have solved the structural financial problems of both James and his successor. Parliament would provide an annual grant of £200,000 and a one-off payment of £600,000 to clear the crown’s debt. In return, the crown would** give up wardship and purveyance and not levy any new impositions**. Parliament would grant the first payment and in doing so legitimise future payments without Parliament’s consent

69
Q

why did parli reject the great contract

A
  1. Concerns about absolutism. Parliament was worried that it would lose the ability to leverage the monarch’s need for money against their rights. If the monarch did not need to call Parliament for money, why would a Parliament sit in the future? they were concerned it would be an infringement on their privileges.
  2. Concerns about James’ extravagance. Some MPs believed the Contract would merely legitimise further extravagance on the part of James. *One MP said: “to what purpose to draw a silver stream into the royal cistern if it shall daily run out thence by private [stop] cocks?” *
70
Q

what happened as a result of the great contract failing

A

parli dissolved in 1611

71
Q

long term impact of rejecting the great contract

A

The proposal was a missed opportunity which could have prevented future conflict.

72
Q

what were james attempts to deal with finacial issues throughout 1610-1621

7

A
  1. sales of titles
  2. subsidies of the addled parli
  3. cockayne’s scheme
  4. monopolies
  5. forced loans
  6. purveyance
  7. economies [saving money]
73
Q

what was the sale of titles

A

The sale of aristocratic titles such as ‘baronets’ and ‘earldoms’.

74
Q

reason for opposition to sales of titles

A

The de-valuing of peerages annoyed ancient landowners who despised ‘up and coming noblemen’

75
Q

outcome of sales of titles

A

James collected £90,885 from this source in 1611-1614.

76
Q

what were Subsidies from the ‘Addled Parliament’, 1614

A

James recalled Parliament in 1614 hoping that they would grant him further subsidies. By 1614 James had a debt of £680,000 and a deficit of over £50,000 per year.

77
Q

opposition to Subsidies from the ‘Addled Parliament’

A

MPs were concerned about James’ extravagance. One MP called James’ Scottish favourites ‘spaniels to the king and wolves to the people’.

78
Q

outcome of Subsidies from the ‘Addled Parliament’

A

Parliament was dissolved and passed no bills.

79
Q

what was cockayne’s scheme

A

ockayne proposed to James I that greater profit could be made if cloth was sold finished rather than unfinished. Cockayne requested £40,000 from James to develop the dyeing industry. James accepted.

80
Q

reason for opposition to cockayne’s scheme

A

it failed to achieve anything

81
Q

outcome of cockaynes scheme

A

By 1615 unfinished cloth was again being exported.

By 1617 the scheme collapsed

82
Q

what were monoplies

A

James granted monopolies to people – the sole right to import goods. Monopolies could be sold at a high price because those granted monopolies had significant opportunities to profit from them.

83
Q

reason for opposition for monoplies

A

Those granted monopolies put their prices up because they controlled the whole market. This meant they were generally unpopular.

84
Q

outcome of monopolies

A

In the Parliament of 1621, MPs criticised them and James revoked 20.

85
Q

what were forced loans

A

loans imposed on the newly rich and moneylenders.

86
Q

reason for opposition for forced loans

A

Seen as undermining the right to property.

87
Q

outcome of forced loans

A

Increased opposition to James in Parliament.

88
Q

what was purveyance

A

James increased the exploitation of the feudal right for the court to buy provisions at fixed prices below the market rates.

89
Q

reasons for opposition of purveyance

A

It was widely abused by court officials who bought excess provisions and sold them at a profit.

90
Q

outcome of purveyance

A

worth £40,000 a year

91
Q

what was Economies (saving money)

A

Cranfield as Master of the Wardrobe (1618-21) and then Lord Treasurer (1621-4) made impressive savings of £29,000 on the wardrobe (royal clothing) and halved the cost of ordnance and the navy.

92
Q

reasons for oppsoition to Economies (saving money)

A

Suppliers would lose business.

93
Q

outcome of Economies (saving money)

A

Royal income increased by £80,000.

However, Cranfield had little success in curbing James’ generosity in the payment of pensions and grants

94
Q

effectiveness of J1’s ways of dealing with finance

A

The crown did not have effective ways of tapping into England’s wealth and James’ extravagance and lack of success in reforming the crown’s finances meant that he had to resort to financial expedients and exploitation of feudal dues. This increased James’ difficulties with Parliament.

95
Q

background of foreign policy for J1

europe in 1603

A
  • france + spain were leading powers, both catholic
  • Habsburg family ruled Spain/Austria/Lowlands
  • Religion was the primary driver of conflict during this period.
  • 1603 England was at war with Spain in the Anglo-Spanish War
  • The United Provinces a Protestant state - were in a revolt against Catholic Spain. = known as the Eighty Years’ War
  • The holy roman empire: Each state within the Empire had significant internal autonomy and independence over laws and taxation. The Emperor, however, would come to their aid if they were attacked. The HRE was divided between Catholic and Protestant principalities.
96
Q

when was the 80yr war

A

1568 - 1648

97
Q

j1’s foreign policy aims

A
  1. rex pacificus - peaceful relations with other states
  2. promote himslef as ‘europe’s peacemaker’
98
Q

how did J1 wish to achieve his foreign policy aims

A

Securing peace for England – and Europe – through diplomacy

Securing a marriage alliance with the Spanish Habsburgs AND Protestants in Europe (bridging the Catholic-Protestant divide).

99
Q

why did parli criticse j1’s approach to foreign policy aims

A

many Parliamentarians believed England should carry on the war with Spain. They argued this both out of hatred of Catholic Spain and a desire to support the Protestant United Provinces who were at war with the Spanish.

James’ intention to secure a marriage alliance with the Spanish resulted in concerns about his pro-Spanish policy and a* failure to support Protestants* who were being killed by the Spanish.

100
Q

main events in foreign policy

J1

A

Peace with Spain (1604)

The Protestant Match (1613)

Thirty Years War (started in 1618)

The Spanish Match (4 attempts - 1604, 1614-18,1621,1623-4)

The French Match (1624)

The Mansfeld Expedition (1624) – beginning of new war with Spain

101
Q

what was the treaty of london and WHEN was it?

A

to bring an end to the Anglo-Spanish War. In 1604 James negotiated a peace treaty – the Treaty of London.

102
Q

J1’s first attempt at a spanish match

A
  • began in 1604, as treaty of london was being negotiated
  • match between J’s eldest son [henry] with a spanish princess
  • failure was due to religion
  • Spaniards were concerned, religious toleration would only be in one direction: toleration for Catholics in England but not toleration for Protestants in Spain, especially while the Spanish Inquisition was in full operation.
  • children of such a marriage would be raised as Catholic
103
Q

J1’s protestant match

A
  • in 1613 J1’s daughter [elizabeth] married Frederick of palantine
  • james hoped that a marriage alliance with Frederick would also make him a leader of Protestants in Europe
  • HOWEVER this** propelled the Stuart**s into the centre of a huge European conflict called the Thirty Years War (1618-1648) between Protestants and Catholics
  • james was prepared to give him assistance to regain his home territory but did not have the resources or the desire to support an all-out war.
104
Q

when was the 30yrs war

A

1618 - 1648

105
Q

origins of the 30yrs war

A
  • a divide had been growing across Germany between Catholics and Protestants since the beginning of the sixteenth century. - reflected in the religions of the electors. Four of the electors – rulers of Cologne, Mainz, Trier, and Bohemia were Catholic princes, although there were many Protestants in Bohemia. Three of the electors – the rulers of Saxony, Brandenburg and Palatine were Protestants
  • When Elector Frederick of Palatine accepted the crown of Bohemia in 1619, this shifted the balance of power in favour of the Protestants. Potentially, the Hapsburgs could lose control of the Empire to a Protestant candidate.
  • The *Holy Roman Emperor destroyed Frederick’s army *in the Battle of the White Mountain in November 1620. The Palatinate, Frederick and Elisabeth’s home state, was invaded by Spanish and Bavarian troops so they were force into exile in the United Provinces
106
Q

J1’s second attempt at a spanish match

A
  • in 1614 James returned to the proposal
  • A match with a Spanish princess was particularly attractive = Spain, richest and most powerful country in Europe with an adult king
  • Spanish were also keen for an English alliance in the hope that James would act as a moderating force over Protestants in Europe
  • Spanish were offering a dowry of £600,000 which would have helped to alleviate James’ financial difficulties
  • Between 1614 and 1618, a drawn-out series of discussions took place aiming to marry Charles, to a Spanish Princess.
107
Q

problem with the second spanish match [in england]

A

James’ court (and England as a whole), however, was split over the proposal. Two ‘factions’ of opinion developed

108
Q

what were the Two ‘factions’ of opinion regarding the spanish match

A
  1. Spanish Faction. Led by the Howards, this group was motivated by a belief that England should make and maintain peace with Spain.
  2. The pro-Protestant faction. Supported by many Parliamentarians, this group was motivated by the notion that England should become a leader of Protestants within Europe. If this meant that England should fight Spain in order to protect Protestants, then it should do so.

Unfortunately for James, the outbreak of the Thirty Years War in 1618 brought negotiations to an end.

109
Q

j1’s THIRD attempt at a spanish match

A
  • J made a half-hearted attempt to revive the spanish match in 1621
  • Parli was recalled but criticised James’ foreign policy on two counts
    1. criticised his attempt to marry Charles to a Catholic
    2. they encouraged James to intervene in Europe to protect Protestant and resume a ‘sea war’ with Spain
  • J dissolved parli
  • spanish weren’t serious about the match as they wanted to kept the Protestants weak in Europe so as to isolate the Dutch
  • Charles and Buckingham got frustrated with the protracted marriage negotiations so embarked on the Spanish escapade to speed things along. The escapade is an excellent example of Buckingham’s importance to both James and Charles.
110
Q

what was the final attempt at the spanish match

A

The Spanish Escapade

111
Q

what was the The Spanish Escapade

A
  • charles and buckingham travelled in secret to Dover as ordinary gentleman
  • debate about the motives for this trip:
    1. Charles got carried away with notions of romance and chivalry.
    2. was a Machiavellian plot to detach Charles from his father and secure Buckingham’s future as the royal favourite
    3. Charles and Buckingham realised that the Spanish were dragging their heels about the marriage and they made the trip to force the issue
  • evidence suggests that Charles was the main instigator of the trip. - begged his father on his knees to allow him to go
  • arrived in madrid and went through 6 months of negotiations
  • Charles returned home empty-handed. However, the escapade strengthened the bonds between Buckingham and Charles
  • also resulted in the Spanish Ambassador demanding that Parliament to execute Buckingham upon his return because he had fallen out with the Spanish Chief Minister
  • led to a declaration of war with Spain
  • Charles and Buckingham returned home to a heroes’ welcome for not sealing the marriage to the Spanish princess. This became known as the Blessed Revolution 1624.
112
Q

overview of failures of the spanish match

A

It failed to secure a marriage

Viewed from the perspective of Spain during 1618-24, the hope of a Spanish Match kept England out of the War. This allowed Spain and her allies to secure victories in Europe.

It alienated Parliament. Parliament consistently criticised the policy and called for an anti-Spanish, pro-Protestant policy.

Not only that, by 1624 Charles and Buckingham came to dominate foreign policy and changed tack completely.

113
Q

what happened after failure of the spanish match

A

Charles and Buckingham turned to a French alliance. Charles married Henrietta Maria of France

114
Q

what was unpopular about charles marrying henrietta maria

A
  1. Henrietta Maria and her court would be allowed to practice Catholicism.
  2. Catholics would be granted toleration.
115
Q

when was the mansfeld expedition

A

1624

116
Q

what was the mansfeld expedition

A

Buckingham encouraged James to send a hired army to relieve the Palatinate of Spanish occupation. The Mansfeld Expedition set off in 1624 but disintegrated before reaching Germany. This was to be first of three foreign policy disasters in the 1620s. MPs criticised the Expedition for its considerable cost and its failure to secure peace or help the Protestants.

117
Q

successes of J1’s foreign policy

A

End of war with Spain in 1604 which reduced wartime expenses, trade increased and achieved peace – James’ ultimate aim. Spain was delighted with the terms – they had declared bankruptcy in 1598, and no longer had to worry about English coastal raids. Yet, many in England were concerned that peace with Spain would allow Spain to persecute Protestants elsewhere in Europe. Some wanted the war to continue.

Marriage alliance policy – Elizabeth’s marriage to Frederick of the Palatinate enabled James to** help negotiate peace terms between warring Denmark and Sweden in 1613 but got England entangled in a vicious religious conflict**. James failed to make a match with Spain and then made a match with the French on equally unfavourable terms, which was unpopular, especially with Parliament. The failed Spanish match led to war, completely undoing James’ peace policy.

118
Q

failures of J1’s foreign policy

A

James did not become the peace-maker of Europe

No marriage alliance for his son with the Habsburgs. An unpopular marriage alliance with the French.

At war with Habsburgs (Spain and Austria) in 1624.

Buckingham dominating foreign affairs

Failed to support Protestants

Concerns about wasted resources

Concerns about pro-Catholic policies

119
Q

overall view of j1’s foreign policy

A

James’ foreign policy was a failure but his intentions were understandable and he **may have had more success if it had not been for the Thirty Years War **in which his son-in-law, Frederick of the Palatinate, was an important cause.

120
Q

when was j1’s reign

A

1603 - 1625

history- stuarts (8 decks)

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