James and parli Flashcards

Question

problems facing 3rd parli

Answer 1

Disagreements between James and Parliament, especially over foreign policy and Charles’ marriage but also over the use of monopolies and there was an attempt to impeach Buckingham. This Parliament was called to provide money in case of a foreign policy emergency The Commons wanted to help James’ son-in-law Frederick, Elector Palatine, to recapture his lands but was unwilling to vote the £1 million a year required without more of a say over the direction of James’ foreign policy Instead it offered £140,000 James seemed to invite their input but then grew frustrated when they openly criticised his pro-Spanish policy and the proposed marriage to the Spanish Infanta He saw this as an attack on his prerogative and ordered Parliament to stop interfering in royal policy. He added that he would punish MPs, even when sitting in Parliament if they continued to do so Parliament retaliated with the Protestation – a defence of parliamentary liberty and freedom of speech James, ripped up the Protestation and abruptly dissolved the Parliament

Answer 2

Subsidies voted and agreement over foreign policy, although disquiet over Charles’ marriage to Henrietta Maria Parliament was delighted by the safe return of Charles from his Spanish escapade and pleased by the change in foreign policy which the failure to woo the Spanish princess caused It voted James a £300,000 subsidy but placed restrictions on how the money was to be used and restricted the grants of patents of monopolies to new inventions only and companies rather than individuals However, the marriage contract that Buckingham negotiated with France did not sit well with Parliament It particularly disliked the toleration of Henrietta Maria’s continued open practice of Catholicism, which applied to her household and any royal children until the age of 13 and the relaxation of the recusancy laws Also it expected there to be a military alliance between England and France against the Spanish as a condition of the marriage but Buckingham failed to gain such a concession Furthermore, a dangerous precedent was set when Parliament was allowed to impeach Lord Treasurer, Cranfield, for corruption

Answer 3

Disagreements over ***finance***, ***religious*** and ***foreign*** policy Use of dissolution to subdue criticism and silence contrary views An instinctive dislike and distrust of Parliament

Answer 4

DROK finance foreign policy

Answer 5

The king’s decisions are supported by God Disobedience to the king was sinful to God | This idea legitimised a hierarchical society and prevented uprisings

Answer 6

1. justified a absolutist monarchy 2. monarch could rule outside of the laws of Parliament if required

Answer 7

Francis Goodwin was elected MP for Buckinghamshire in 1604, but the election was disputed: James’ lawyers disputed the election of the grounds he was an outlaw. The House of Commons supported Goodwin and were shocked by apparent royal interference. James’ believed he had the Divine Right to settle the election: Goodwin was dismissed and his opponent, John Fortescue, who was a privy councillor, was returned in his place. Concerned by royal interference, the House voted to re-instate Goodwin Their concern was that James was attempting to reduce the political independence of the Commons and fill it with his own allies Yet, in April James backed down and conceded the right of the Commons to settle elections.

Answer 8

Scotland and England were separate kingdoms despite being ruled over by the same monarch. This meant they had different laws, religion, cultures and political systems. Yet, now they had the same king, James I believed it was his divine right to unite the kingdoms – believing it was what God wanted him to do. James made a proposal to Parliament unite the kingdoms under the name of ‘Britain’. Parliament, however, rejected his proposal for the Union. MPs were fearful that the new kingdom would have no laws and that the English Parliament would be a mere provincial assembly.

Answer 9

James recognised, again, that this was an impossibility. So, he stepped away from the political proposal and advocated a symbolic one. By royal proclamation he: * Called himself The King of Great Britain * Created the ‘Jack’ flag after the latin name for James * Re-designed the Royal Coat of Arms with the lion of England balanced by the Unicorn of Scotland.

Answer 10

"The state of the monarchy is the supremist thing upon Earth"

Answer 11

James belief in Divine Right exacerbated (worsened) disputes with Parliament but did not cause them Disputes were about concrete issues, such as the election of an undesirable individual to Parliament, purveyance, wardship, the unification of England and Scotland (Great Contract), not about the theory of kingship James was usually pragmatic about these issues, backing down when there was significant opposition Ultimately, James was willing to rule within the law

Answer 12

1. ordinary 2. extradionary

Answer 13

an expectation that the King paid for the running of government out of his ordinary income and only turned to Parliament in ‘extraordinary’ times – such as war

Answer 14

unfortunately for James and Charles, the** cost of government had expanded dramatically by the 17th century** for a number of reasons. This meant that the monarchs** ‘ordinary income’ was no longer enough to pay for the costs of government.**

Answer 15

Monarch’s private income: supposed to cover the day-to-day costs of government. E.g. patronage, cost of administration, royal court.

Answer 16

1. income from crown land 2. ship money 3. wardship 4. purveyance 5. tonnage and poundage 6. impositions 7. monoplies

Answer 17

***farming** and other forms of income such as **rent** from land owned by the monarch * In the Middle Ages the crown had been the largest landowner. However, over time these lands had been gifted to favourites and loyal servants or had been sold to pay debts. B**y 1641 time only a small proportion of these estates remained to the crown, raising less than £100,00 a year. **

Answer 18

the right to raise money from coastal counties to pay for the navy. Only accepted in times of national defence

Answer 19

The king had the right to take income from a member of the nobility’s estate when he died if the heir was a minor or an unmarried woman. This was a relic of the feudal period. Wardship could be given as a reward to courtiers for which the crown would be given a cut. It was dreaded by noble families because two wardships in quick succession could ruin a family.

Answer 20

In 1625, it was raising £40,000 a year for the crown, by 1640 this was £76,000 a year

Answer 21

The crown’s right to purchase goods below market value

Answer 22

a customs tax on imports/exports. Usually conferred by Parliament to a monarch at the start of their reign Tonnage was the tax levied on every tun (cask) of wine imported, mainly from Spain and Portugal. Poundage was the tax levied on every pound of weight imported or exported. It **raised nearly one half of the crown’s annual income, about £400,000 a year**. These were not collected by the crown directly but by customs farmers. **Farmers would bid for the right to collect – the contract would go to the highest bidder and payment would be up front.** By the 1630s, bids were made for up to three years in advance.

Answer 23

James introduced a new customs duty on 1400 items. They were worth £70,000 a year.

Answer 24

The monarch had the power to grant the exclusive right to provide a good or service Exclusivity meant that the monopoly provider could charge a higher price. The crown earned money by selling these monopolies to the highest bidder. These monopolies could be justified on the grounds of protecting a new industry, especially against foreign competition. However, for many they were a way of making money. For example, everything from soap to currants was a monopoly (see excerpt from Hill).

Answer 25

By the end of the 1630s, monopolies were worth £100,000 a year to the crown and there were some 700 of them. However, for every £100,000 raised about £750,000 went into the monopoly holders’ pockets

Answer 26

Income from Parliament: supposed to provide for the cost of extra-ordinary issues such as war, coronations, royal funerals.

Answer 27

1. parliamentary subsidies 2. loans

Answer 28

a one-off tax on wealth. Since Magna Carta (1215) the monarch had to have Parliament’s permission to collect taxes. This was the cornerstone of the balance of power between the king and Parliament (representing the gentry). Parliament would only grant this tax if deemed necessary. Parliaments often refused subsidies to influence policy.

Answer 29

The subsidy was levied at 4 shillings for every £ of wealth. It was levied on the most wealthy, as a tax on landed incomes, and the value of a person’s goods. Assessment of the tax to be paid was left to local administrators who often undervalued people’s wealth. **A typical subsidy raised £70,000 but this was usually not sufficient and so multiple subsidies were often granted.** This had been **declining in real terms because of inflation** and the undervaluing of the wealth of subsidy payers. For example, the Duke of Buckingham’s income was rated at £400 a year, but, in reality it was £15,000 in 1623

Answer 30

Money borrowed from wealthy individual and institutions. A loan was usually a short-term expedient. Loans could be gained from a variety of sources – international financiers, the City of London, courtiers, members of the nobility and wealthy merchants. The crown had a poor track record in repaying loans and eventually the City of London refused to give any more loans. The most famous loan in this period was the 1626 Forced Loan.

Answer 31

1. debt - £420,000 [exceeded the crown’s ordinary income] 2. Elizabeth had sold off crown lands to keep debt low - meant that James could not rely on the Crowns estates as mcuh 3. inflation - When James received subsidies from Parliament they were at a fixed rate; This meant that James could only afford to buy about a fifth of what Elizabeth could after receiving a subsidy from Parliament.

Answer 32

there was no action to deal with the falling value of the parliamentary subsidies due to inflation and deliberate under-rating of subsidy payers.

Answer 33

James lavished his friends with expensive gifts: in 1610 he gave out £80,000 in gifts (Elizabeth I averaged £30,000 per year) James’ friend, James Hay, developed the courtly tradition of the ‘ante-supper’. This was the idea that a full meal would be prepared before the meal and then discarded before the real meal was served. In 1621 one of these ‘ante-suppers’ cost James £3,000. He spent £185,000 on jewels between 1603 and 1612 In 1607 he spent £44,000 paying off the debts of Robert Carr and £30,000 on Buckingham in the 1620s James increased debt from £500,000 to £900,000 between 1614-1618.

Answer 34

James re-issued a Book of Rates which **set new market prices on customs taxes. ** He also leased out the collection of these taxes to collect customs revenue, rather than government tax collectors. The terms of this leasing were that the **merchants** (known as customs farmers) **who received the lease had to pay £120,000 to James each year. *Any money they collected on top of this sum the custom farmers kept.***

Answer 35

1. The king gained a regular, secure income 2. Customs farmers had an interest in collecting as much as possible 3. Could be used to reward loyal servants

Answer 36

1. Prevented the crown from receiving the true value of customs 2. It looked as if James was creating a taxation system outside of Parliament’s control.

Answer 37

the bates case of 1606

Answer 38

Bates refused to pay a customs duty on currants, claiming it had not been legitimised by Parliament The judge dismissed it in favour of the King’s argument that the monarch had the right to regulate trade The implication of this was that taxes were expanded. In 1608 a new Book of Rates was published which introduced impositions, a new customs duty on an additional 1,400 items to be taxed.

Answer 39

Robert Cecil

Answer 40

an extensive scheme that would have solved the structural financial problems of both James and his successor. **Parliament would provide an annual grant of £200,000 and a one-off payment of £600,000 to clear the crown’s debt.** In return, the crown would** give up wardship and purveyance and not levy any new impositions**. Parliament would grant the first payment and in doing so legitimise future payments without Parliament’s consent

Answer 41

1. **Concerns about absolutism.** Parliament was worried that it would lose the ability to leverage the monarch’s need for money against their rights. If the monarch did not need to call Parliament for money, why would a Parliament sit in the future? **they were concerned it would be an infringement on their privileges.** 2. **Concerns about James’ extravagance.** Some MPs believed the Contract would merely legitimise further extravagance on the part of James. *One MP said: “to what purpose to draw a silver stream into the royal cistern if it shall daily run out thence by private [stop] cocks?” *

Answer 42

parli dissolved in 1611

Answer 43

The proposal was a missed opportunity which could have prevented future conflict.

Answer 44

1. sales of titles 2. subsidies of the addled parli 3. cockayne's scheme 4. monopolies 5. forced loans 6. purveyance 7. economies [saving money]

Answer 45

The sale of aristocratic titles such as ‘baronets’ and ‘earldoms’.

Answer 46

The de-valuing of peerages annoyed ancient landowners who despised ‘up and coming noblemen’

Answer 47

James collected £90,885 from this source in 1611-1614.

Answer 48

James recalled Parliament in 1614 hoping that they would grant him further subsidies. By 1614 James had a debt of £680,000 and a deficit of over £50,000 per year.

Answer 49

MPs were concerned about James’ extravagance. One MP called James’ Scottish favourites ‘spaniels to the king and wolves to the people’.

Answer 50

Parliament was dissolved and passed no bills.

Answer 51

ockayne proposed to James I that greater profit could be made if cloth was sold finished rather than unfinished. Cockayne requested £40,000 from James to develop the dyeing industry. James accepted.

Answer 52

it failed to achieve anything

Answer 53

By 1615 unfinished cloth was again being exported. By 1617 the scheme collapsed

Answer 54

James granted monopolies to people – the sole right to import goods. Monopolies could be sold at a high price because those granted monopolies had significant opportunities to profit from them.

Answer 55

Those granted monopolies put their prices up because they controlled the whole market. This meant they were generally unpopular.

Answer 56

In the Parliament of 1621, MPs criticised them and James revoked 20.

Answer 57

loans imposed on the newly rich and moneylenders.

Answer 58

Seen as undermining the right to property.

Answer 59

Increased opposition to James in Parliament.

Answer 60

James increased the exploitation of the feudal right for the court to buy provisions at fixed prices below the market rates.

Answer 61

It was widely abused by court officials who bought excess provisions and sold them at a profit.

Answer 62

worth £40,000 a year

Answer 63

Cranfield as Master of the Wardrobe (1618-21) and then Lord Treasurer (1621-4) made impressive savings of £29,000 on the wardrobe (royal clothing) and halved the cost of ordnance and the navy.

Answer 64

Suppliers would lose business.

Answer 65

Royal income increased by £80,000. However, Cranfield had little success in curbing James’ generosity in the payment of pensions and grants

Answer 66

The crown did not have effective ways of tapping into England’s wealth and James’ extravagance and lack of success in reforming the crown’s finances meant that he had to resort to financial expedients and exploitation of feudal dues. This increased James’ difficulties with Parliament.

Answer 67

* france + spain were leading powers, both catholic * Habsburg family ruled Spain/Austria/Lowlands * Religion was the primary driver of conflict during this period. * 1603 England was at war with Spain in the Anglo-Spanish War * The United Provinces a Protestant state - were in a revolt against Catholic Spain. = known as the Eighty Years' War * The holy roman empire: Each state within the Empire had significant internal autonomy and independence over laws and taxation. The Emperor, however, would come to their aid if they were attacked. The HRE was divided between Catholic and Protestant principalities.

Answer 68

1568 - 1648

Answer 69

1. rex pacificus - peaceful relations with other states 2. promote himslef as 'europe's peacemaker'

Answer 70

Securing peace for England – and Europe – through diplomacy Securing a marriage alliance with the Spanish Habsburgs AND Protestants in Europe (bridging the Catholic-Protestant divide).

Answer 71

many Parliamentarians believed **England should carry on the war with Spain**. They argued this both out of hatred of Catholic Spain and a desire to support the Protestant United Provinces who were at war with the Spanish. James’ intention to secure a marriage alliance with the Spanish resulted in **concerns about his pro-Spanish policy** and a* failure to support Protestants* who were being killed by the Spanish.

Answer 72

Peace with Spain (1604) The Protestant Match (1613) Thirty Years War (started in 1618) The Spanish Match (4 attempts - 1604, 1614-18,1621,1623-4) The French Match (1624) The Mansfeld Expedition (1624) – beginning of new war with Spain

Answer 73

to bring an ***end to the Anglo-Spanish Wa***r. In **1604** James negotiated a peace treaty – the Treaty of London.

Answer 74

* began in **1604**, as treaty of london was being negotiated * match between J's eldest son [henry] with a spanish princess * **failure** was due to *religion* * Spaniards were concerned, religious toleration would only be in one direction: **toleration for Catholics in England but not toleration for Protestants in Spain,** especially while the Spanish Inquisition was in full operation. * children of such a marriage would be raised as Catholic

Answer 75

* in **1613** J1's daughter [elizabeth] married *Frederick of palantine* * james hoped that a marriage alliance with Frederick would also make him a leader of Protestants in Europe * HOWEVER this** propelled the Stuart**s into the centre of a huge European conflict called the Thirty Years War (1618-1648) between Protestants and Catholics * james was prepared to give him assistance to regain his home territory but **did not have the resources or the desire to support an all-out war**.

Answer 76

1618 - 1648

Answer 77

* a **divide** had been growing across Germany **between Catholics and Protestants** since the beginning of the sixteenth century. - reflected in the religions of the electors. Four of the electors – rulers of Cologne, Mainz, Trier, and Bohemia were Catholic princes, although there were many Protestants in Bohemia. Three of the electors – the rulers of Saxony, Brandenburg and Palatine were Protestants * When Elector Frederick of Palatine *accepted the crown of Bohemia in 1619*, this **shifted the balance of power in favour of the Protestants**. Potentially, the Hapsburgs could lose control of the Empire to a Protestant candidate. * The *Holy Roman Emperor destroyed Frederick’s army *in the **Battle of the White Mountain in November 1620**. The Palatinate, Frederick and Elisabeth’s home state, was invaded by Spanish and Bavarian troops so they were force into exile in the United Provinces

Answer 78

* in 1614 James returned to the proposal * A match with a Spanish princess was particularly attractive = Spain, richest and most powerful country in Europe with an adult king * Spanish were also keen for an English alliance in the hope that James would act as a moderating force over Protestants in Europe * Spanish were offering a dowry of £600,000 which would have helped to alleviate James’ financial difficulties * Between 1614 and 1618, a drawn-out series of discussions took place aiming to marry Charles, to a Spanish Princess.

Answer 79

James’ court (and England as a whole), however, was split over the proposal. Two ‘factions’ of opinion developed

Answer 80

1. Spanish Faction. Led by the Howards, this group was motivated by a belief that England should make and maintain peace with Spain. 2. The pro-Protestant faction. Supported by many Parliamentarians, this group was motivated by the notion that England should become a leader of Protestants within Europe. If this meant that England should fight Spain in order to protect Protestants, then it should do so. Unfortunately for James, the outbreak of the Thirty Years War in 1618 brought negotiations to an end.

Answer 81

* J made a half-hearted attempt to revive the spanish match in 1621 * Parli was recalled but criticised James’ foreign policy on two counts 1. criticised his attempt to marry Charles to a Catholic 2. they encouraged James to intervene in Europe to protect Protestant and resume a ‘sea war’ with Spain * J dissolved parli * spanish weren't serious about the match as they wanted to kept the Protestants weak in Europe so as to isolate the Dutch * Charles and Buckingham got frustrated with the protracted marriage negotiations so embarked on the Spanish escapade to speed things along. The escapade is an excellent example of Buckingham’s importance to both James and Charles.

Answer 82

The Spanish Escapade

Answer 83

* charles and buckingham travelled in secret to Dover as ordinary gentleman * debate about the motives for this trip: 1. Charles got carried away with notions of romance and chivalry. 2. was a Machiavellian plot to detach Charles from his father and secure Buckingham’s future as the royal favourite 3. Charles and Buckingham realised that the Spanish were dragging their heels about the marriage and they made the trip to force the issue * evidence suggests that Charles was the main instigator of the trip. - begged his father on his knees to allow him to go * arrived in madrid and went through 6 months of negotiations * Charles returned home empty-handed. However, the escapade strengthened the bonds between Buckingham and Charles * also resulted in the Spanish Ambassador demanding that Parliament to execute Buckingham upon his return because he had fallen out with the Spanish Chief Minister * led to a declaration of war with Spain * Charles and Buckingham returned home to a heroes’ welcome for not sealing the marriage to the Spanish princess. This became known as the Blessed Revolution 1624.

Answer 84

It failed to secure a marriage Viewed from the perspective of Spain during 1618-24, the hope of a Spanish Match kept England out of the War. This allowed Spain and her allies to secure victories in Europe. It alienated Parliament. Parliament consistently criticised the policy and called for an anti-Spanish, pro-Protestant policy. Not only that, by 1624 Charles and Buckingham came to dominate foreign policy and changed tack completely.

Answer 85

Charles and Buckingham turned to a French alliance. Charles married Henrietta Maria of France

Answer 86

1. Henrietta Maria and her court would be **allowed to practice Catholicism**. 2. Catholics would be granted **toleration**.

Answer 87

Buckingham encouraged James to send a hired army to relieve the Palatinate of Spanish occupation. The Mansfeld Expedition set off in 1624 but disintegrated before reaching Germany. This was to be first of three foreign policy disasters in the 1620s. MPs criticised the Expedition for its considerable cost and its failure to secure peace or help the Protestants.

Answer 88

**End of war with Spain in 1604** which reduced wartime expenses, trade increased and achieved peace – **James’ ultimate aim**. Spain was delighted with the terms – they had declared bankruptcy in 1598, and no longer had to worry about English coastal raids. Yet, **many in England were concerned that peace with Spain would allow Spain to persecute Protestants** elsewhere in Europe. Some wanted the war to continue. **Marriage alliance policy** – Elizabeth’s marriage to Frederick of the Palatinate enabled James to** help negotiate peace terms between warring Denmark and Sweden in 1613 but got England entangled in a vicious religious conflict**. James failed to make a match with Spain and then made a match with the French on equally unfavourable terms, which was unpopular, especially with Parliament. The failed Spanish match led to war, completely undoing James’ peace policy.

Answer 89

James did not become the peace-maker of Europe No marriage alliance for his son with the Habsburgs. An unpopular marriage alliance with the French. At war with Habsburgs (Spain and Austria) in 1624. Buckingham dominating foreign affairs Failed to support Protestants Concerns about wasted resources Concerns about pro-Catholic policies

Answer 90

James’ foreign policy was a **failure** but his intentions were understandable and he **may have had more success if it had not been for the Thirty Years War **in which his son-in-law, Frederick of the Palatinate, was an important cause.

Answer 91

1603 - 1625