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Sociology- Beliefs in Society > Religious beliefs and social change and stability > Flashcards

Religious beliefs and social change and stability Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What fundamental distinction did DURKHEIM make between?

A

Scared- things set apart that inspire feeling of awe, fear and wonder.
-Made special as they are symbolic

Profane- things of no special significance, ordinary or mundane.

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2
Q

What are totems?

A

Collective symbols that represent god & society.

Chosen by society and has a sacred nature due to its worshipped nature

The image of the clan

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3
Q

What are DURKHEIMS cognitive functions of religion?

A

Provides concepts and categories needed for understanding world and communicating with others.

Gives person identity and sense of belonging causing conformity

Provides communal language

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4
Q

Why did DURKHEIM stress the importance of collective worship?

A

Collective worship creates collectivism

Religion keeps society stable due to shared norms and values

Religion keeps society stable due to shared norms and values

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5
Q

What did DURKHEIM quote about religion?

A

‘Primitive man comes to view society as something sacred because he is utterly dependent on it’

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6
Q

What did MALINOWSKI say religion provides?

A

At a time of crisis religion can provide a source of comfort, explanation and meaning.

Events could otherwise threaten social stability and solidarity.

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7
Q

What were Functionalist PARSONS views on religion?

A

Provides and underpins core values of any culture, and norms regulate behaviour

Provides mechanism of adjustment (help with change)

  • means of emotional adjustment
  • way to return to some sense of normality
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8
Q

What did Functionalist BELLAH say about religion?

A

Religion unites people

American ‘melting-pot’ approach to society

American society is overarching civil religion based on belief system that attaches sacred qualities to society

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9
Q

What is a civil religion?

A

Religion of the people

Expressed by pledges- allegiance to flag, singing national anthem

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10
Q

Why does MALINOWSKI believe death is the most ‘socially disruptive’?

A

It removes a member from society

Role individual plays is no longer being fulfilled

Threatens social solidarity

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11
Q

What was MARX’s view on religion?

A

Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the sentiments of a heartless world and the soul of soulless conditions.

It is the opium of the people

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12
Q

What is MARX’s view on religion?

A

Religion is like a drug that soothes pain and distorts reality

Makes life bearable

It stupefies people rather than bring them true happiness and fulfilment

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13
Q

How can MARX & MALINOWSKI compare?

A

Marx: religion drugs you in false sense

Malinowski: positive improves life

Both believe is prevents revolution

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14
Q

What is the Marxist view on religion and compensation?

A

Legitimises inequality

God creates and ordains social structures

Social arrangements appear inevitable

Those at the bottom accept/ come to terms with their situation

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15
Q

What was Marxist LENIN’s view on religion?

A

Religion is a kind of spiritual gin

Slaves of capital drown their human shape and claims to a decent life

Numbs pain for proletariat- no awareness of exploitation

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16
Q

What is an example of how religion legitimises power of the ruling class?

A

In the Church of England

Archbishop of Canterbury -> Bishops -> Priest -> followers

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17
Q

What is the Marxist view on religion and compensation in virtue of suffering?

A

Religion emphasises the idea that life can be full of suffering

Being poor with dignity will be rewarded in heaven

Heaven repays life

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18
Q

What is the Marxist view on religion and compensation with existential security?

A

Religion arises where people lack economic security

Poor countries with life threatening risk tend to be more religious

19
Q

What is the Marxist view on religion and compensation with promises of an afterlife?

A

Christianity offers the promise of ‘salvation from bondage’ in the afterlife

Makes life on earth more bearable

20
Q

What are the criticisms of the Marxist view of religion?

A

Religion can act as a radical force- liberation theology challenges ruling class power

There’s religion in communist countries- USSR

Functionalists- ignores positive benefits of religion

Secularization- religion declined, no longer needed to maintain ruling class power

21
Q

What does Marxist ENGLES believe about religion?

A

Religion doesn’t always act as a conservative force

Oppressed groups may use religion to get freedom

It could become a force for change by uniting oppressed groups and giving common set of belief

22
Q

What is the Hajj?

A

Muslim pilgrimage

Celebrating sacrifice

23
Q

What does Neo-Marxist GRAMSCI believe about religion?

A

Religion promotes ruling class ideology

Persuades masses everything is fair- through superstructure

Church isn’t owned by state
- independent so gives empowerment for change

Church encourages people in oppression to revolt

24
Q

What does Neo-Marxist MADURO say about religion?

A

Uses idea of liberation theory- power and wealth should be redistributed from rich to the poor

Relative autonomy- some independence from state

Religion isn’t always a conservative force- can be revolutionary

25
Q

What example does Neo-Marxist MADURO give for the liberation theory?

A

Catholic church sided with bourgeoisie & right-wing dictatorship

Church gave little support to trade unions, opposition parties

Priests began to speak up for interests of poor

26
Q

What does Neo-Marxist MADURO say about grievance and religion?

A

The church can provide guidance for the oppressed

27
Q

How are places of worship patriarchal ?

A

Separate rooms for prayer

‘Women must remain silent in church’
- Old Testament, Bible

28
Q

How are sacred texts patriarchal?

A

Bible is written by men

Qur’an cannot be touched while women are pregnant/ menstruating

29
Q

What did ARMSTRONG say about religion and feminism?

A

Religion hasn’t always been patriarchal

Early history- women considered central to spirituality (Great Mother Goddess)

1750BC- importance of goddess declined as male god Marduk replaced as dominant figure of religion

30
Q

What did SAADAWI say about feminism and religion?

A

Religion is patriarchal

Religion is not oppressive itself

Male dominance of religion is patriarchal due to rise of monotheistic religion

Scriptures are interpreted/ written by men

31
Q

What did WOODHEAD say about feminism and religion?

A

Religion is not always patriarchal

Women use religion to gain freedom and respect

Used as symbol against oppression

Means to escape confines of home and enter education/ employment

32
Q

What does HOLM say about feminism and religion?

A

Public sphere of religion men always dominate

Private sphere women dominate and do most care of children into religion

33
Q

What does HOLM mean by the public and private sphere?

A

Public- important positions are held and public announcements are made

Private- socialization of children into a religion within family

34
Q

What does SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR say about feminism and religion?

A

Religion is an instrument of male domination

Men control religious organisations, claim authority comes from god

Religion gives women false belief suffering will be rewarded in heaven

35
Q

What was WEBER belief in the protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism?

A

Predestination already occurred

‘the elect’ chosen for heaven

Salvation panic occurred as it was unknown whether you were being saved or not

People lives an ascetic lifestyle involving abstinence and self-discipline which led to the protestant work ethic

Reinvest profits in technology- led to massive social and economic changes

36
Q

What is calvinism?

A

Protestant religious movement in 16th century

Influential in development in capitalism

Ascetism and predestination

37
Q

Who believes the protestant way of life has led to the growth and stability of capitalism?

A

Weber

38
Q

What is the protestant work ethic?

A

The value attached to hard work

Signs of an individuals eternal salvation

39
Q

What are some of the criticisms of WEBER?

A

Scotland, Switzerland, Hungary were strongly Calvinist but were not first areas to become capitalist

Capitalism predated and cause Protestantism

Calvinism was linked to capitalism as individuals were banned from many other professions

40
Q

What did WEBER believe?

A

Believes religion is a force for social change

Indirect effects of the belief in predestination led to protestant work ethic

Reinvestment and pursuit of profit only came after Protestantism

Protestant beliefs came before capitalism

41
Q

In the story of Adam and Eve, God says…

Supports patriarchy

A

It is not good for the man to be alone, I will make a helper suitable for him

42
Q

What was Malinowski example of religion in the Trobriand islands?

A

Religious rituals performed before islanders went fishing in canoes in dangerous and unpredictable deep sea water

No religious rituals when they fished in relatively calm and safe inland lagoons

43
Q

How is 9/11 an example of religion causing social change?

A

by Islamic organization Al Qaeda

Significant changes in US foreign policy

Sociology- Beliefs in Society (8 decks)

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