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Sociology- Beliefs in Society > Different theories of ideology, science and religion > Flashcards

Different theories of ideology, science and religion Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the substantive definition of religion?

A

Concerned with the content of religion

Traditional organised religion

Substance what makes religion

(Christianity, Islam, other world religion)

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2
Q

What are the advantages of the substantive definition of religion?

A

Conforms to a wide spread view of religion as a belief in god

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3
Q

What are the disadvantages of the substantive definition of religion?

A

Leaves no room for beliefs and practices that perform similar functions but do not involve belief in god

Western bias - excludes religions such as Buddhism which do not have the Western idea of God

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4
Q

What is the functional definition of religion?

A

Looks at the functions being performed within religion

Provides a moral framework or integrates a community

Don’t have to refer to God or any idea of afterlife

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5
Q

What are the advantages of the functional definition of religion?

A

Inclusive definition - includes wide range of beliefs and practices that perform functions such as integration

No bias against non-Western religions

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6
Q

What are the disadvantages of the functional definition of religion?

A

Unclear where the line of religion is drawn

Waters down and undermines sacred nature of religion

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7
Q

What is science a belief system?

A

Possible to understand natural world and produce truthful knowledge

Influence and shaping society as scientists

Beliefs based on the community they are part of

Constructed through a paradigm

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8
Q

What are some examples of a science belief system?

A

Darwin: theory of evolution

Einstein: relativity

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9
Q

What did Gomm say about Darwin’s theory of evolution?

A

He supported Darwin’s theory

It fitted ideology of emergence of capitalism

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10
Q

What is the ideology belief system?

A

Belief system that supports the interests of a particular social group at the expenses of others

Used to maintain power of a dominant group in society

Meta-narrative becomes way of explaining world

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11
Q

What are some examples of ideology belief systems?

A

Marxism

Feminism

Postmoderism

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12
Q

What is the religious belief system?

A

Belief in existence of a supernatural entity

May or may not claim the existence of a supreme god or several gods

Gives followers lives meaning and moral guidance

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13
Q

What are some examples of religious belief systems?

A

Churches: Christianity, Islam

Sects: People’s temple, Branch Davidians

Denominations: Baptist, Methodist, Mormons

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14
Q

What is fascism?

A

Nazi Germany

Interests of the state should be paramount

Required leadership of an authoitarian dictator who pursued interests of the nation

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15
Q

What is Neo-Liberalism?

A

Private enterprise is the best way to run society

Competition drives efficiency

Ensures consumers needs are met

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16
Q

What is a monotheistic religious?

A

Belief in a single god

Christianity, Islam

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17
Q

What is a polytheistic religion?

A

Belief in several gods

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18
Q

What is an example of a polytheistic religion?

A

Zoroastrianism

19
Q

What is a spiritual religion?

A

Without belief in god

Buddhism: set of values

20
Q

What are supernatural beliefs?

A

No concept of god

Scientology, Heavens day cult

21
Q

What is a political belief system?

A

Makes claims about how society should be organised

Don’t have supernatural element

22
Q

What is the economic base?

A

Includes the means of production and is controlled by the ruling class

23
Q

What is the superstructure?

A

Includes all the non-economic parts of society (state, mass media, education, religion)

24
Q

How is the dominant ideology reproduced through the mass media?

A

Capitalism as only viable economic system

Consumer culture

Passive workforce

25
Q

What does Neo-Marxist WILLIAMS say about class and ideology?

A 
Ruling class has a more individualistic culture
Working-class culture is more collectivist
26
Q

What did Neo-Marxist GRAMSCI say about dual consciousness?

A

Members of society possess dual consciousness

Partly influenced by R/C ideology because of the media, education system and religion

Can have direct experience of exploitation

W/C partly see through capitalist system while not rejecting it altogether

27
Q

What does the Glasgow media group say about marxism?

A

Number of studies show how media has a consistent pro-capitalist bias

28
Q

What does radical feminist GREER say about ideology?

A

The patriarchal ideology is entrenched in society

Reflected in the way women are expected to improve their physical appearance to attract men

29
Q

What does radical feminist MILLET say about ideology?

A

Men are socialized into having a dominant temperament by society’s culture

Non-ideological factors such as violence also play a part in maintaining male dominance

30
Q

What does feminist BENSTON say about ideology?

A

The ideology which sees women as secondary wage earners, benefits both male power and capitalism

31
Q

What is discourse analysis?

A

The study of how spoken and written language is used

How people exercise power by writing, thinking and talking about something in a certain way - reveals their ideologies

32
Q

How do discourse analysists view views in society?

A

Ideology –> inequality –> dominant group

[Meta-narrative: inequality –> dominant group –> ideology

33
Q

What did postmodernist LYOTARD argue about modernity metanarratives?

A

[fascism, communism, scientific rationalism]

They aimed to improve the world but ended in disaster

Postmodern society people no longer believe in metanarratives and ideology is declining

34
Q

What was the Enlightenment?

A

Emergence of scientific rationalism

Critical questioning of traditional institutions, customs and morals

Move to certainty and truth, provides understanding of the world, understanding used for the betterment of humankind

35
Q

What does COMTE say about science?

A

Not a matter of opinion

Independent of individual’s beliefs

Rely on evidence, tested through research

Objective social facts about the world

36
Q

What did COMTE say about the 3 stages society passed through to progress towards scientific knowledge?

A

Theological stage (pre-18th century): religious beliefs dominant

Metaphysical stage (18th century): Used rationality to decide what to believe, how to behave

Positive stage (19th century on): Science dominant belief system (testing to prove)

37
Q

What did POPPER say about the theory of falsification?

A

Can never be 100% certain that a theory is true

Science based on falsifiable theories - made precise predictions that could be tested, always possibility that it will be proved wrong in the future

Sociology could not be falsified

Must have testable hypothesis

38
Q

What is relativism?

A

There are many beliefs in society: science is just one of them

Science has no more claim on truth that any other belief

Science cannot be entirely value free or objective (according to relativists)

39
Q

What does GOULD say about rationalism VS relativism?

A

Science and religion are 2 separate realms

Non-overlapping magisterium

40
Q

What does KAPLAN say about social constructions?

A

Science influenced by desires of scientists themselves

Reconstructed logic (methods claim to use) VS logic in use (ones actually used)

41
Q

What did GOMM say about Darwin’s theory of evolution?

A

Theory was accepted as the social context of Victorian Britain (capitalism) welcomes the ideas of natural selection and survival of the fittest

Allowed Victorian Britons to see themselves as superior to the people in conquered colonies

42
Q

What did KUHN say about social constructions and science?

A

Challenged the traditional view of science

Scientists worked in communities centred on particular branches of science

Tunnel vision with science

43
Q

How does the USA appreciate both science and religion?

A

Most religious of the advanced industrial democracies

American scientists = leaders in world of discovery

Many Americans still reject science in favour of Bible

44
Q

What does LYOTARD believe about postmodernism and science?

A

Science is just another metanarrative with no more validity than other metanarratives

Science is not different from any other belief system

No one belief system is superior to others

Sociology- Beliefs in Society (8 decks)

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