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History Stuarts > Religion under James I > Flashcards

Religion under James I Flashcards

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1
Q

Why was the outbreak of war with Spain, 1580s fundamental to Catholics?

A

They were seen as traitors, which was somewhat confirmed by the plots around Mary, Queen of Scots.

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2
Q

What shows the initial hatred towards the Catholics?

A

Recusancy fines imposed, 1586-1603, 146 Catholics executed.

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3
Q

Name a quote from James, showing his tolerance to the Catholics.

A

He would not ‘persecute any that will be quiet and give outward obedience to the law’.

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4
Q

What did James do to show support to Catholics?

A

Ordered recusancy fines to be lowered, lower than a quarter of the level they were in 1603.
Yet, short-lived, provoked the Protestant subjects. 1604, priests and Jesuits said that recusancy fines were to be taken in full.

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5
Q

Why didn’t James want to antagonise Parliament?

A

Wanted a union between Scotland and England.

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6
Q

Why did the Catholics conduct the Gunpowder plot?

A

Peace with Spain, 1604, prevented Catholic intervention (wanted to promote their cause).

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7
Q

Who led the Gunpowder plot?

A

Robert Catesby and other families that suffered heavily from recusancy fines.

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8
Q

How was the Gunpowder plot exposed?

A

When a conspirator sent a warning letter to a family member.

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9
Q

What was the consequence of the Gunpowder plot to the Catholics?

A
  • Penal laws- recusancy fines increased, Catholics forbidden to live near London or hold public office and had to take oath denying Pope’s authority over King.
    Enforced more harshly when Parliament was due to meet.
  • Catholics now forbidden to be doctors, lawyers, could not travel without permission.
  • Recusants could have two thirds of property confiscated.
  • James devised path of allegiance to pope, 1606, hoping to find plotters but Pope denied it.
  • Does eventually return to leniency when hoping for Spanish match/
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10
Q

How did the Thirty Years War 1618-1648 impact the Catholics?

A

People once again became more paranoid of Popery and James’ dedication to Protestantism, due to the Spanish match and relaxation of recusancy fines, 1622, as a part of Spanish negotiations.

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11
Q

What was the Millenary Petition?

A

Puritans, 1603. Clergy asking for moderate Puritan reforms. Wanted to cleanse Church of Popish practices. Signed by over 1000.

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12
Q

What was James’ response to the Millenary Petition?

A

Said he would hold a conference at Hampton Court, Jan 1604 to discuss.
Would discuss Pluralism (more than once office in Church) and stipends (income received from parish) increased as was so low, clergymen had to hold more than one living.

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13
Q

What was the nature of the Hampton Court Conference, 1604?

A

Calm, agreements between bishops and moderate Puritans.

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14
Q

What was agreed on in the Hampton Court Conference?

A
  • New Bible decided on, King James Bible, 1611.
  • Said pluralism should be limited and a preaching minister should be provided in every parish.
  • There would be reform of court of high commission. The court of high commission could only deal with matters such as heresy.
  • Bishops were to have less power when dismissing ministers.
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15
Q

Who did the Hampton Court Conference fail for?

A

Puritans, didn’t get everything they wanted.
If they demanded alteration of Church government, like removal of Bishops, would be viewed as extremists.
Tried to be be moderate, saying they didn’t want to wear a surplice, James saw as irrelevant.
Wanted to impress James with strength of campaign, had many followers.
James didn’t like pressure- ‘No bishop, no King’.
- Some argue James was hostile to Puritans.
Did not appease radicals.

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16
Q

How did James appease the Puritans?

A

1610, appointed puritan George Abbot as Archbishop of Canterbury.

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17
Q

What is Calvinism and did James follow?

A

Teachings of John Calvin, set up strict Church in Geneva, less importance on hierarchy and more in idea of predestination. James always a follower.

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18
Q

Which religious branch disagreed with Calvinism?

A

Arminians, Jacob Arminius. Believed in free will, more ceremonial services.
Thought Catholic Church was the only true Church, but acknowledges aspects of Catholic belief, such as papal authority were wrong.
Supported the Crown unconditionally.
James eventually supported them, as they were loyal supporters. Parliament suspicious, viewed them as only little better than Papists.

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19
Q

Religion in Scotland, 1603-25.

A

Wanted Scottish Church to be in conformity with Church of England. Wanted to introduce Bishops to Scotland. Introduced in 1618, with Presbyterian structure underlying.
Tried to impose the ‘Articles of Perth’, which would interlink Scottish Church with CoE. Deeply unpopular, seen as Catholic interpretation of the Service.
James realised he had gone too far, a Prayer Book he had created in 1619 was never introduced.

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20
Q

Religion in Ireland 1603-25.

A

No unity in Ireland.
1607, two earls of ulster fled into exile after failure of a rebellion.
Lands confiscated and given to Calvinist Scots and English Settlers, known as Plantation of Ulster.
Now three faiths in Ireland, Catholic, Church of Ireland and Presbyterians.

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21
Q

What was James’ religion?

A
  • Baptised as a Catholic, brought up as Presbyterian, yet dislikes it as it relies on Kirks and elders, rather than bishops. Not upholding Divine Right of Kings.
    Comes to England, leans on religion of CoE, Anglicanism.
    Anglicanism holds up episcopacy (bishops system).
22
Q

What was the nature of the Church in Scotland?

A
  • Anti- episcopacy.
  • Own church structure, kirks and elders.
23
Q

What was James I’s attempt to incorporate Church of England into Scottish church?

A

Five Articles of Perth
1618
Deeply unpopular

24
Q

What was the state of Anglicanism/Church of England?

A

Anglicanism, status quo, set up in 1534 English Reformation.
Law to attend Anglican mass, anyone dissented was viewed as a recusant.
Used English language for mass.
Used thirty nine articles.

25
Q

What were the Thirty-Nine Articles?

A

Uniform set of guidelines, how church service should be run. Moderate, trying to incorporate Protestantism and Catholicism.

26
Q

What was the state of Puritanism?

A
  • Radical sect of Protestantism.
  • James viewed radicals as seditious, hated how they tamper with status quo (wanted to remove popish aspects of church).
  • Thought they were the ‘godly elect’. Devote life to God.
  • Opposition to James through pamphlets.
  • Sunday as strict preaching day.
  • Saw Roman Catholicism as the embodiment of evil.
27
Q

What was the state of Calvinism?

A

John Calvin- spread across Protestant church.
Predestination- ‘God is able to save everyone but is unwilling to do so’.
Counteracts views of Arminian church.

28
Q

What was the state of Catholicism?

A
  • Many outwardly pretended to be Protestant.
  • James recusancy laws- intolerant to Catholics but does promise there will be more tolerance.
  • Worship different to Anglicans, would practice mass in Latin, used different priests.
  • Believe they are the one true church, did canonise the Bible.
  • Focus on iconography- extravagance, statues, stained windows.
  • Allegiance not with monarch but in Pope.
29
Q

What was the state of Arminianism?

A
  • 1610, Jacob Arminius accepts the Catholic church as ‘mother church’, but in theory a branch of Protestantism.
  • ‘crypto-Catholics’.
  • Believe in free will.
  • James likes Arminians as they promote episcopacy.
  • James promotes Arminians into the church with key roles, such as bishops. (Bishop of Chichester).
30
Q

How does James refer to the Scottish church system?

A

‘not proceeding to the Prince’s order’

31
Q

What does James say about Catholics to show his tolerance?

A

‘any that will be quiet and give outward obedience to the law’.

32
Q

What was the religious balancing act?

A

Religion at the time was polarising, needs to balance religions to appease them, incorporates different ceremonies and wishes of each branch.

33
Q

What was the religious situation in 1603?

A
  • By the time James came to throne, Elizabeth’s religious settlement had achieved acceptance. Catholic opposition pushed underground.
  • England outwardly Protestant.
  • Church under supreme power of monarch, system of archbishops, bishops, deacons and deans.
  • Doctrine enshrined in Thirty-Nine Articles.
  • Attendance at church compulsory, or recusancy fines.
  • Divine Right of Kings.
  • Bishops support Erastian view, state controls Church.
34
Q

How strong was the Church of England?

A
  • 1603, lacking resources.
  • Incomes of clergy less than £10 a year, lower for parish priests.
  • Uneducated, less university degrees.
  • Clergy could now marry, wives and families to maintain difficult with low income.
  • Archbishop of Canterbury, John Whitgift (had achieved religious settlement) was nearing the end of his life.
35
Q

What was the problem of pluralism?

A

Priests were preaching in many different parishes, meaning that they were less respected.

36
Q

What was the system of figures in church?

A

26 sat in the house of lords that relied fully on James’ support.

37
Q

Who was Bancroft?

A

Archbishop of Canterbury after Whitgift’s death.
Strictly Puritan.

38
Q

What were Bancroft’s canons?

A
  • 1604, series of laws.
  • Wanted acceptance of the Church of England.
39
Q

What were the policies in Bancroft’s Canons?

A
  • Ministers had to agree that King was the supreme governor of the Church, episcopacy and Thirty Nine Articles were ‘agreeable to the word of God’.
  • Wearing a surplice and use of cross sign in baptism to be continued (catholic feature).
    Given until end of 1604 to subscribe.
40
Q

Did bishops agree with Bancroft’s Canons?

A

Yes, 1610-25, only two puritan ministers lost their jobs for non-conformity.

41
Q

When did Bancroft die and who replaced him?

A

1610
George Abbot, Calvinist and Bishop of London.

42
Q

What was James’ approach to Sabbatarianism?

A
  • Book of Sports, 1618.
  • Issues proclamation that there will be tolerance of Puritan wishes.
  • Sport and recreational activities allowed but cannot be put into place until after church service.
  • Radicals objected, wanted full safeguarding of a sunday.
43
Q

How successful was James in dealing with the Puritans?

A
  • First two Parliaments in his reign, over 70 bills passed for church reform. Further on in his reign, decreased, less people opposed.
  • James mainly successful in moderates.
44
Q

Examples of Arminian Bishops (Bishop Neile):

A
  • 1614, Bishop Neile contributed to collapse of Addled Parliament, highlighting that they are doing wrong for the country. MPs hated him, divided Parliament.
  • James continued to promote Arminians as bishops, wants to maintain balancing act. But still seen as a popish branch.
45
Q

Examples of Arminian Bishops (William Laud):

A
  • 1616, made Dean of Gloucester.
  • Caused controversy in moving altar to East end of church, commanding that all should bow to it.
  • 1621, given minor bishopric of St David’s in Wales.
  • 1621, Buckingham considering a conversion to Roman Catholicism, persuaded out of it by Laud, his position grew stronger.
46
Q

What resulted in hatred towards the Catholics?

A
  • Thirty Years War
  • 1588 Spanish Armada, England victorious against Catholics.
  • Mary I had burned 300 Protestants.
  • Catholic plots.
47
Q

What did James say when Catholics visited Scotland?

A

Before James was King.
Said he promised Catholic toleration was his aim.

48
Q

How did James describe religious fanatics and radicals?

A

Radical Catholics, Jesuits- ‘venomous wasps and firebrands for sedition’.
Radical Puritans- Puritan-Papists.

49
Q

What were the main Catholic plots?

A
  • The Bye Plot
  • Main Plot
  • Gunpowder Plot
50
Q

What happened in the Bye Plot?

A
  • Unhappy James was still collecting Recusancy fines, 1603.
  • Planned to kidnap James and hold him at the Tower of London until he promised greater degrees of toleration.
  • Robert Cecil crushes the plot, leading to suspicion against Catholics.
51
Q

What was the motivation of the Main Plot?

A

1605, 5560 people still convicted for recusancy.

52
Q

What unresolved issues were left after James?

A
  • Radical Puritans still want reforms.
  • Arminians influence rising.
  • Charles will have to pick up the issue.

History Stuarts (7 decks)

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