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Religion > religion semester 1 EXAM > Flashcards

religion semester 1 EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

what is a denomination

A

A distinct religious grouping that exists within a major religion

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2
Q

describe an example of a denomination

A

catholicism - christianity

During early Christianity Jesus’s teachings were handed on by the Apostles as well as sacraments, and were presented in the language and culture of those it was preached to

This meant the sacraments and teachings of the apostles didn’t change, but the way in which they were expressed changes in different cultures/languages

These different ways of expression were called rites, and as a result the Catholic Church came into being

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3
Q

what makes the Church Catholic

A
  1. belief in the teachings of Jesus
  2. celebration of the sacraments
  3. apostolic succession: bishops will have the same
    mission and spiritual gifts Jesus gave to the apostles
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4
Q

what was the east-west schism

A

1054

Separation between East and West churches into Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic

Occurred as a result of long rising tensions between Roman Church based in Rome and Byzantine Church based in Constantinople

Occurred because of many religious and political disputes

Each church recognized their own leaders before excommunication (PopelLeo IX led Roman Catholic, Michael Cerularius led Orthodox)

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5
Q

what are 3 factors that led to the east-west schism

A

difference in theology

political disputes

difference in geography/culture

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6
Q

explain the factor of ‘difference in theology’ that led to the schism

A

filioque cause: major factor in 11th century

The dispute centered around the Trinity doctrine and whether the Holy Spirit proceeds from God the Father alone or from the Father and the Son

Wording was originally “who proceeds from the Father” and Western Christians added on “from the son”

Pope Leo IX, leader of the Western Christians wouldn’t budge with his belief to add the wording into the creed

Michael Cerularius, leader of Eastern Christians refused to admit the word ‘Filioque’ into the creed,

eastern bishops accused western Pope and bishops of heresy

Both Churches forbade to use the other’s rites and excommunicated one another

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7
Q

explain the factor of ‘political disputes’ that led to the schism

A

Struggle over ecclesiastical authority in the Church, particularly regarding whether the Pope in Rome held power over the patriarchs in the East

Rome argued for primacy of the Roman Pope since 4th century

Eastern leaders honored the Pope but refused to give him the power to determine policy for other jurisdictions or to alter decisions of the Ecumenical councils

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8
Q

explain the factor of ‘difference in geography/culture’ that led to the schism

A

There were five patriarchs of religious authority: Rome, Antioch, Constantinople, Alexandria, Jerusalem

These religious centers expanded across large distances and the East spoke Greek and the West spoke Latin, so there were difficult language boundaries and problems

Churches began to disconnect with each other, as there were 5 patriarchs that held authority across different religions

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9
Q

list some similarities between catholicism and orthodoxy

A

Share beliefs on certain core beliefs e.g. sinfulness of man, the Trinity and the physical resurrection of Christ

Both churches celebrate the 7 sacraments

Apostolic succession is extremely important and integral to both denominations

Same bible composition – 39 old testament, 27 new testament

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10
Q

list some differences between catholicism and orthodoxy

A

Orthodox believes there is no Church leader as Jesus Christ is the leader of the Church, Catholicism believes the Pope is the figure head of the Church

In Orthodoxy all bishops are equal in power and jurisdiction, Catholicism has different bishops with different jurisdiction (e.g. archbishop, diocesan bishop)

Catholicism believes marriage is an unbreakable contract and re-marriage after divorce isn’t permitted, Orthodoxy believes marriage is a union and divorce is allowed in cases of adultery

In orthodox church female deaconesses are permitted, and deacons and priests are allowed to marry before ordination, unlike Catholicism where all clergy must be male and celibate

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11
Q

define religious belief

A

a conviction about an idea central to a religion that expresses a religious truth

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12
Q

what is the nature of religious beliefs

A

Religious beliefs offer insights and understanding about life

These find expression in a variety of religious teachings and practices

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13
Q

list some insights and understanding that a religious belief (revelation) offers

A

Human beings were created to relate with their creator

By relating to him people can live a life that reflects God/participate in his plan for salvation

God created us to be in union with him/one another

God wants to restore our relationship of love/trust but often people break this through their own fault

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14
Q

give examples of religious beliefs

A

belief in revelation

belief in the life, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ

belief in the Trinity

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15
Q

Identify and define one religious belief

A

revelation

continuing and dynamic process by which God communicate personally with people

process by which every generation has come to know God personally

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16
Q

what is the nature of revelation

A
  • Main purpose: enable people to share in God’s life
  • We are made to know, love and serve God
  • We can know God only because he reveals himself
  • God reveals all truths necessary for out salvation
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17
Q

list 3 key features of revelation

A

God’s self revelation begins with creation

patriarchal covenant with Abraham and moses

Jesus Christ is the fullness of God’s self-revelation

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18
Q

explain the key feature of revelation “gods self revelation begins with creation”

A

God’s self revelation to people starts from the beginning through his creation of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden

God revealed his nature, his desired relationship with humankind and his plan of Salvation

Today, people can recognise the existence of the creator when they reflect on the created universe

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19
Q

explain the key feature of revelation “patriarchal covenant with abraham and moses”

A

God revealed his unconditional love to his people over time

E.g. revealing himself to Abraham and his descendants & choosing them to be God’s own people

e.g. revealing himself to Moses and the Israelites through the Mt Sinai covenant

The process by which God has led every generation to come to know him is called revelation; it is a personal revelation of God to humanity

The principle purpose for revelation is to enable people to share in God’s life

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20
Q

what the key feature of revelation “jesus is the fullness of gods revelation”

A

The climax of God’s self-revelation is the life, death and resurrection of Jesus

Before Jesus he made his people aware that he would send one, known as the Messiah, to restore God’s kingdom

Jesus restored the kingdom of God, therefore making it possible for everyone to be free to relate closely with God through relating to Jesus

Jesus revealed that God would send the Holy Spirit to guide and strengthen his followers

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21
Q

what informs the belief of revelation/where does it come from

A

Comes from the basic understanding that people were created by God and therefore created to relate with God and one another

We need to relate with God to participate in his plan for salvation because of the stain of original sin on humanity

Original sin leads to the inability of people to determine what it truly right

When people choose his faith God’s gift of grace becomes apart of us

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22
Q

how does the belief of revelation find expression in a religion

A

find expression in catholicism

Find expression in religions through teachings and practices:

  • Teaching of individual faith: each follower is
    allowing God to work in all aspects of their lives
  • Practise of communal and personal prayer and
    worship:
  • through participating in the reading of the
    Scripture, Old Testament, the prophets, through
    creation as well as in the New Testament
    through the life of Jesus to continue growing in
    an understanding of God.
  • Practise of the sacraments e.g. through practise
    of Baptism
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23
Q

what is a religious practise

A

A way of doing something religious, referring to a broad range of experiences that relate to many aspect of religious life.

E.g. ways of praying, styles of religious worship, specific places and rituals. These will often use religious signs and symbols.

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24
Q

what are religious signs and symbols

A

represent and convey meaning about beliefs

Signs represent and point to something else

symbols are complex, tangible items that represent reality and convey a number of meaning.

They’re used to communicate what is complex and difficult to fully comprehend.

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25
Q

what is a religious ritual

A

Use symbolic actions such as movement, gesture and words to express what is important about faith

For Catholics, rituals help people enter into the mystery of their faith.

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26
Q

define baptism

A

A religious practice that contains signs, symbols and rituals

These features of Baptism express what is important about faith and allow the community to come together to participate in the divine life of God, and thus enter into the mystery of faith.

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27
Q

list 3 key features of Baptism

A

Origins of baptism

baptism is performed to initiate people into the church

rituals and symbols

28
Q

describe the key features of the origins of baptism

A

Baptism find it’s origins in the Old Testament, based on the purification of rites that have been performed by Jews since the time of Moses.

Continues through the New testament through Jesus and John the Baptist

Baptism is a rites of passage and one of the 7 sacraments

Performed to initiate people into the Church

The word ‘Baptism’ comes from the Greek word ‘Baptizo’ or ‘Baptizein’ meaning to immerse

29
Q

describe the key feature that ‘baptism is performed to initiate people into the Church’

A

People receive forgiveness of sins, cleansing of original sin, the gift of the Holy Spirit and become a member of the Lord’s Church

  • People are cleansed of original sin because original
    separates us from God, and we find it difficult to make
    moral decisions that reflect the will of God. With the
    cleansing of original sin, we are brought into the
    Church
  • And share in Christ’s role as priest, prophet and king

Christians are saved and set free – necessary for salvation

Body’s become a temple for the Holy Spirit

Through Baptism one dies and rises in new life with Christ

Christians become more like Christ as they respond to the gifts of Baptism

30
Q

describe the key features of ‘rituals and symbols are used in baptism”

A

Water (ritual and symbol): life giving and used for cleaning, being washed clean by water and cleansed of original sin

Congregation: total church community

Oil of catechumens: healing and setting aside the candidate for God

Oil of Chrism: consecration and beginning of the baptised person’s missionary responsibilities

Sign of baptism: saying the words ‘I baptise you in the name of the father and of the son and of the Holy Spirit’ as water is poured over their head

After baptism a series of other rituals are performed to reinforce what it means to be a follower of Jesus
- E.g. clothing of white garment, lighting of baptismal
candle

31
Q

explain what the rite of baptism for children is

A

During the 4th century infant baptism became a common place incase the child died before they were baptized and couldn’t be saved. This then began the Rite of Baptism for Children.

At the beginning of the rite of baptism for children they’re steps taken as reminders that baptism is a choice and the child becomes part of God’s family (the church). these are:
- Parents are asked “what do you ask of the Church” and
“what name have you given your child”
- Celebrant makes the sing of the Cross on the child’s
forehead and asks parents and godparents to do
likewise

Rite involves more steps as a reminder that faith needs, preparation, support and growth:
- Liturgy of the Word: involves proclamation of the Word
and intercessions
- A prayer of exorcism
- Anointing with the oil of catechumens
- Profession of faith is said by all followed by baptism
(pouring of water)

After baptism a series of rituals reinforce what it means to be a follower of Jesus:
 Clothing of white garment
 Lighting of baptismal candle
 Anointing with oil of chrism

32
Q

define creed

A

a formal statement of beliefs held by a religion

33
Q

define doctrine

A

a belief or set or beliefs held by a religion

34
Q

Give examples of some significant life events

A

Birth

Development into adulthood

Marriage

Death

35
Q

What important questions does Birth prompt

A

questions about:

unborn life

parenthood

the depth of personal joy

36
Q

What important questions does development into adulthood prompt

A

Questions about:

How to be a more responsible adult

discovering how to influence & make a difference

future vocations & work

37
Q

What important questions does marriage prompt

A

questions about:

commitment

the path to future life

personal priorities

38
Q

What important questions does death prompt

A

questions about:

the nature of death

personal life-style

illness & suffering

39
Q

When is a person ‘being religious’?

A

when people seek, search and think about the meaning of life and the reality of God

40
Q

what are the 3 categories of life experiences a person can encounter

A

the created world

others

the mystery of who they are

41
Q

How is the formation of the conscience supported for Catholics

A

studying:

The life of Jesus

The Scriptures

teachings and beliefs of the apostles

Christian moral teachings

42
Q

how can people recognise true religious experiences

A

Through using their consciences to evaluate their thoughts and feelings in the same way they evaluate moral actions

43
Q

What are the effects that genuine religious experiences of God have on people

A
  1. Genuine experiences of God have long term effects. It
    will lead people to think more about their lives and
    behaviour
  2. Religious experiences cannot be kept aside
    They don’t lead people to exclude themselves from
    others.
    They incline people to be open to others
    These experiences need to be expressed to other e.g.
    in worship
  3. true religious experiences relate to issues of daily life
    and don’t lead us to en escape from reality.
44
Q

How do people find the answers to their important life questions

A

Although philosophers, theologians, scientists, musicians, artists and writers have all contributed to the search to make meaning in life,

Many people turn to religions to answer questions about the meaning & purpose of life.

e.g. Catholicism answers the question “is there life after death” as ‘yes, there is eternal life.’

45
Q

what ROLE does religion play in important life events, questioning, searching and finding meaning?

A

contribute to individual’s search for meaning & purpose in life

many people find positive, life affirming answers in religion that give answers to human existence and life purpose

46
Q

what are some indicators that a person is religious

A

ethical: following guidelines e.g. religion’s golden rule
ritual: worship e.g. eucharist

social: communal, belonging to a group e.g. parish, youth
group

material: architecture, clothing, art, symbols etc.

experiential: experience where it is realised that there is
more to life than meets the eye

belief: sacred truths
doctrinal: creeds or teachings are observed.

47
Q

what are the 5 largest religions in the world

A

christianity

hinduism

judaism

islam

buddhism

48
Q

what does ‘religion’ mean

A

A system of beliefs, values, rituals and worship shared by a number of people that guides how people live.

every religion centres its ideas and activities on a transcendent being or beings

these lead to expression in different beliefs, practises and teachings

49
Q

what does being spiritual mean

A

A person who is concerned with the immaterial and the transcendant.

50
Q

what does it mean to ‘be religious’

A

Deeply personal matter, unexplainable but can be described as

  • what and how frequently a person practises elements
    of a religious way of life e.g. practises (prayer)
  • what a person says they believe in & how their
    behaviours match their religion
  • religious participation, adherence, observance,
    practise and identity
51
Q

How does a religion you have studied respond to peoples search for meaning and purpose in their life

A

christianity give meaning and purpose to Christians by teaching that the fundamental human vocation to relate to God

We can learn to relate to God through prayer and through Jesus

To relate to God, it is essential to for Christians to properly form their conscience through:

prayer, studying the scripture and the life of Jesus, and moral practise as evident in the life of Christ

once an intimate relationship is developed & sustained a person is called to discern their vocation in which they love and serve God and others

52
Q

How do religions see and respond to the process of answering significant life events questions

A

Religions respond through their actions and the experiences/support they provide

Religions see this as a journey that people go on

E.g. Christianity sees it as a human’s journey to find God and to have a deep, intimate relationship with him

53
Q

describe the place of religion in Australia over time

A

Australia has always been a religious place beginning with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people

Forged sense of harmony and belonging in with the land

Arrival of first fleet in 1788 brough Christianity (specifically, Anglican & a large number fo Irish Catholics as well as Judaism

Although Church of England originally held privilege in politics, constitution now prevents government from interfering with freedom of religion

Other denominations of Christianity set up churches in 19th century

Australian gold rush brought Buddhist Chinese workers

54
Q

describe the place of religion in Australia today

A

Secular: Religious institutions are separate from political institutions, religions is largely seen as a private matter

Multifaceted and diverse: Growth of new religions - Islamic, Buddhist, Hindu, Sikh

Religious organisations play a significant role in public life: Protestant and Catholic churches pay integral role in welfare, education and health services

Christian festivals of Easter and Christmas are public holidays

  1. 2% of Australian reported as Christian in 2016 census
  2. 1% stated no religion
55
Q

What is a significant event in the history of religion in Australia?

A

Second Vatican Council

56
Q

what is the nature of the second Vatican council/what is it

A

Most significant 20th century event in the Catholic Church

Most recent ecumenical council to be held to its conclusion in over 400 years

Composed of Catholic Bishops, Patriarchs, Cardinals and Abbots nominated by the Pope

Announced January 25th 1959

pope john XXIII

**aggornomento: opening the Church to dialogue with society

57
Q

What are the 3 most profound changes of Vatican II / 3 important documents

A

• Constitution of the Sacred Liturgy
• Decree on Ecumenism
• Pastoral Constitution of the Church in the Modern
World

58
Q

Explain what the Constitution of the Sacred Liturgy is

A

December 4th 1963

Past:
- The Liturgy was spoken in Latin which was
incomprehensible to the people, so people were left
feeling disconnected
- Religious connection was reduced through the
emphasis on pompous, high masses, losing sense of
personal connection

Future:
- People had a clearer sense of their involvement in
Mass:
- People of God joined in divine worship: everyone
taking an active part (common prayer, singing, common
reception of Body of Christ)
- Priest faces people rather than altar
- Private masses deemphasized
- Expanded Scripture readings with a richer, more varied
arrangement and revision of liturgy
- Mass spoken in language of the people rather than
Latin
- Purifying and tightening liturgical structure with
emphasis on essentials

59
Q

Explain what the Decree on Ecumenism is

A

November 21st 1964

Past:
- Attitude toward other Christians was hostile and
defensive, they were seen as a danger to the Catholic
faithful
- Church tried to cover its own deficiencies
- Little concern to understand other; common heritage
was rarely mentioned

Future:
- Effort to understand other Christians and make
Churches position understandable to them
- Recognition for Church’s division and shortcomings as
well as common heritage
- Other denominations recognized as Church
communities and admitted that Catholicism can learn
things from them
- Sought ways to overcome divisions through common
prayer and avoiding conflict and competition

60
Q

Explain what the Pastoral Constitution of the Church in the Modern World is

A

December 7th 1965

Past:
- Growing separation between church and science
- Church tried to defend and recover former position of
dominance
- Put the Church in a position of hostility toward the
world, which regarded the Church as outmoded and
like it didn’t understand the rest of the world

Future:
- Church recognizes and is grateful for advancements in
society but can’t overlook dangers
- Church is seen in solidarity with rest of world, sent for
service of humanity
- Constitution speaks of the origins of atheism
- Emphasis on strong conjugal love and personal
responsibility in marriage
- Call for vigorous effort on behalf of the weak in
society:
aid to developing nations is urgent
- Modern war is unmasked as a criminal enterprise

61
Q

What are the 3 most profound changes of Vatican II / 3 important documents

A

• Constitution of the Sacred Liturgy
• Decree on Ecumenism
• Pastoral Constitution of the Church in the Modern
World

62
Q

define questions

A

A matter requiring resolution or discussion, in this instance, human heart questions.

63
Q

define secular

A

Religious institutions are separate from political institutions, religions is largely seen as a private matter

64
Q

what are the 3 viewpoints of religion’s place in australia

A

Australia as Christian

Australia as secular

Australia as multifaith

65
Q

explain the viewpoint of Australia as Christian

A

historically and currently christian nation: values and culture are based of christian teachings

these values are reflected in society in public institutions, legal system and social and political structures

major christian feasts e.g. easter, christmas are marked by society

christian heritage is central to how Australia deals with immigration, legislation, social norms and practises

66
Q

explain the viewpoint of Australia as multifaith

A

cultural and multifaithed (expressed by those of minority religions, civil society and christian organisations)

demonstrated through accommodation for religious practises and dress, and education and understanding

strong support for interfaith initiatives and believe that through education prejudice can be combatted

promotes PLURALISM and tolerance in an educational way

Religion (7 decks)

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